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Kallikrein-8 is a serine protease which degrades various proteins such as casein, fibrinogen, kininogen, fibronectin and collagen type IV. Kallikrein-8 takes part in the formation and maturation of orphan and small synaptic boutons in the Schaffer-collateral pathway, regulates Schaffer-collateral long-term potentiation in the hippocampus and is essential for memory acquisition and synaptic plasticity. Kallikrein-8 participates in the secondary phase of pathogenesis following spinal cord injury and also takes part in skin desquamation and keratinocyte proliferation.

GDA is a member of the ATZ/TRZ family and is in charge for the hydrolytic deamination of guanine. GDA takes part in microtubule assembly. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for GDA.

GLYAT is a mitochondrial acyltransferase that conjugates glycine with acyl-CoA substrates in the mitochondria. GLYAT is vital to the detoxification of endogenous and xenobiotic acyl-CoA's.

Carbohydrate Sulfotransferase 5 (CHST5) is a Golgi-embedded enzyme that is found in B cells, T cells and intestinal epithelium and is also mediates sulfation of keratan in cornea. CHST5 is a sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) as sulfonate donor to catalyze the transfer of sulfate to position 6 of non-reducing N-acetylglucosamine residues of keratan. CHST5 works on the non-reducing terminal GlcNAc of short andlong carbohydrate substrates that have poly-N-acetyllactosamine structures.

C-JUN is a gene which, in combination with c-Fos, forms the AP-1early response transcription factor. C-JUN is activated by the JNKpathway. C-JUN is the putative transforming gene of avian sarcoma virus 17. C-JUN is a protein which is highly similar to the viral protein, and which interacts directly with specific target DNA sequences to regulate gene expression. The C-JUN gene is intronless and is mapped to 1p32-p31, a chromosomal region involved in both translocations and deletions in human malignancies.

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a chemokine produced by macrophages and other cell types such as epithelial cells. It is also synthesized by endothelial cells, which store IL-8 in their storage vesicles, the Weibel-Palade bodies. When first encountering an antigen, the primary cells to encounter it are the macrophages who phagocytose the particle. Upon processing, they release chemokines to signal other immune cells to come in to the site of inflammation. IL-8 is one such chemokine. It serves as a chemical signal that attracts neutrophils at the site of inflammation, and therefore is also known as Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor.

BCAT1 catalyzes the leading reaction in the catabolism of the indispensable branched chain amino acids isoleucine, leucine and valine.

PPIH is a part of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family. PPIases catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and increase protein folding. PPIH enzyme is a precise factor of the complex that comprises pre-mRNA processing factors PRPF3, PRPF4, and PRPF18, as well as U4/U5/U6 tri-snRNP. PPIH possess PPIase activity and acts as a protein chaperone that mediates the interactions between different proteins inside the spliceosome.

DBI, also known as Acyl-CoA-binding protein isoform 2, is a diazepam binding inhibitor, which is regulated by hormones. DBI participates in lipid metabolism and in the displacement of beta-carbolines & benzodiazepines, which modulate signal transduction at type A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors located in brain synapses. Moreover, during adipocyte differentiation the expression of DBI is significantly induced. DBI preforms as an acyl-CoA pool former and regulates LCFA (long-chain fatty acids) metabolism in peripheral tissues.

DHH is part of the Hedgehog family which encodes signaling molecules that are involved in regulating morphogenesis. DHH protein is a precursor that is autocatalytically cleaved, the N-terminal portion is soluble and contains the signalling activity while the C-terminal portion is involved in precursor processing. Additionally, the C-terminal product covalently attaches a cholesterol moiety to the N-terminal product, restricting the N-terminal product to the cell surface and preventing it from freely diffusing throughout the organism. Defects in DHH protein have been associated with partial gonadal dysgenesis (PGD) accompanied by minifascicular polyneuropathy. DHH plays a role both male gonadal differentiation and perineurial development.
DHH plays a role in intercellular signaling which is essential for a variety of patterning events during development. DHH functions as a spermatocyte survival factor in the testes & is essential for testes development.

Delta-Like4 or DLL4 is implicated in the Notch signaling transduction as Notch ligand. DLL4 down regulates endothelial cell proliferation, migration and angiogenic sprouting. DLL4 is crucial for retinal progenitor proliferation &furthermore required for suppressing rod fates in late retinal progenitors & for proper generation of other retinal cell types. Also, at some stages in the spinal cord neurogenesis, DLL4 inhibits V2a interneuron fate.

IRF1, IFN regulatory factor 1, is a member of the IFN regulatory transcription factor (IRF) family which regulates gene expression critical to immune response, hematopoiesis and proliferation. IRF-1 is a transcriptional activator for IFN-A, IFN-B, and IFN-G stimulated genes. IRF1 is also a tumor suppressor transcription factor inducing apoptosis of tumorigenic cell lines.

UbcH12 is functional in in vitro NEDDylation reactions. It has been shown to form a thioester linkage with NEDD8 in the presence of the NEDD8 activating enzyme complex Uba3/APP-BP1. APP-BP1 binds to the amyloid precursor protein (APP) carboxy terminal domain and is important in conjunction with Uba3 and UbcH12 in driving cells through the S to M checkpoint. It was demonstrated to be the E2 responsible for the NEDDylation of the Cul-1 component of the SCF (?-TRCP) complex which is important as the E3-ligase in the ubiquitinylation of I?B?. NEDDylation of Cul-1 is essential for conjugation and processing of NF-?B p105 by SCF (?-TRCP) following phosphorylation of the complex. A dominant negative form of UbcH12, previously demonstrated to sequester NEDD8 and inhibit its conjugation, inhibits both conjugation and processing of p105, which is alleviated by wild-type UbcH12.

Transforming growth factor betas (TGF Betas) mediate many cell-cell interactions that occur during embryonic development. Three TGF Betas have been identified in mammals. TGF Beta 1, TGF Beta 2 and TGF Beta 3 are each synthesized as precursor proteins that are very similar in that each is cleaved to yield a 112 amino acid polypeptide that remains associated with the latent portion of the molecule.

Cystatins are a superfamily of cysteine proteinase inhibitors found in both plants and animals. They comprise a group of proteinase inhibitors, widely distributed in tissues and body fluids, and form tight complexes with cysteine proteases such as cathepsin B, H, L and S. Cystatin C, a secreted molecule of this family, is of interest from biochemical, medicine and evolutionary points of view. Cystatin C, with molecular weight of 13260 Da, is composed of 120 amino acids, lacks carbohydrate and has two disulfide bridges located near the carboxyl terminus. Cystatin C is increased in patients with malignant diseases, and is related to the insufficiency of renal function and appears to be a better marker than creatinine. On the other hand, low levels of cystatin C involve cause the breakdown of the elastic laminae and, subsequently, the atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Platelet factor-4 is a 70-amino acid protein that is released from the alpha-granules of activated platelets . Its major physiologic role appears to be neutralization of molecules on the endothelial surface of blood vessels, thereby inhibiting local antithrombin III activity and promoting coagulation. As a strong chemoattractant for neutrophils and fibroblasts, PF4 probably has a role in inflammation and wound repair. Oncostatin-A is a member of the CXC chemocinfamily. Human PF4 is used for the proof of induced thrombocytopenia. Furthermore it is used as an inhibitor in the angiogenesis during tumor therapy.

CD276, belongs to the B7 family of immunoregulatory transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by T cells. CD276 is a costimulatory molecule for T cell activation in addition to IFN-gamma production. Furthermore, CD276 upregulates BRCC3 expression, preventing DNA defects caused by 5-Fu. CD276 is correlated with TNM stage of NSCLC and act as a potential biomarker for NSCLC-derived MPEs. CD276 inhibits natural-killer mediated cell lysis in tumor cells, and act as a marker for detection of neuroblastoma cells. CD276 is implicated in the development of acute as well as chronic transplant rejection and in the regulation of lymphocytic activity at mucosal surfaces. In addition, CD276 provides the placenta & fetus a proper immunological environment during the course of pregnancy.

Enoyl-CoA Delta Isomerase 1 (ECI1) is a main mitochondrial enzyme which takes part in beta-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. ECI1 is a member of the hydratase/isomerase superfamily. ECI1 catalyzes the transformation of 3-cis and 3-trans-enoyl-CoA esters to the 2-trans-enoylCoA intermediates.

Chymotrypsinogen-B1 (CTRB1) belongs to the serine protease family of enzymes and forms a main precursor of the pancreatic proteolytic enzymes. CTRB1 is located next to a related chymotrypsinogen gene. CTRB1 is a protein coding gene which encodes different isoforms which may undergo similar processing to generate the mature protein.

Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MYD88) is a cytosolic adapter protein, which has a central role in the innate and adaptive immune response. MYD88 functions as a vital signal transducer in the interleukin-1 and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. MYD88 acts via IRAK1, IRAK2, IRF7 and TRAF6, leading to NF-kappa-B activation, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response. The MYD88 protein increases IL-8 transcription. MYD88 is involved in IL-18-mediated signaling pathway. MYD88 activates IRF1, resulting in its rapid migration into the nucleus to mediate an efficient induction of IFN-beta, NOS2/INOS, and IL12A genes. MYD88 is comprised of an N-terminal death domain and a C-terminal Toll-interleukin1 receptor domain. Patients with defects in the MYD88 gene have an increased susceptibility to pyogenic bacterial infections.

Smac/Diablo is a proapoptotic protein that increases caspase activation in the cytochrome c/Apaf-1/caspase-9 pathway by its binding to the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) and removing their inhibitory activity. Smac/Diablo is a mitochondrial protein which enters the cytosol when cells go through apoptosis, and it moderates the caspase inhibition of IAPs.Smac/DIABLO expression is associated with the result of renal cell carcinoma.Dimeric form of Smac/DIABLO implies that once expressed in the cell the protein has a little probability of dissociation and, thus, loss of function. Survivin, Smac/DIABLO, & PKC-? play an important part in the inhibition of apoptosis by FGF-2 in human small cell lung cancer cells. Mitochondrial survivin associates with Smac/DIABLO, delaying its release. Decreased expression of Smac protein takes part in ovarian carcinogenesis and chemotherapeutic resistance. Smac/DIABLO plays a role in tumor cells during the pathway of apoptosis induction. SMAC protein is regulated by XIAP and degraded by proteasome. SMAC protein takes part inleukemic cell apoptosis. Smac is released during stress-induced apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells.

CCNH is part of the cyclin family that is known for its protein abundance through the cell cycle. Cyclins act as regulators of CDK kinases. CCNH forms a complex with CDK7 kinase and ring finger protein MAT1. The kinase complex is able to phosphorylate CDK2 and CDC2 kinases, therefore it functions as a CDK-activating kinase (CAK). CCNH and its kinase collaborator are components of TFIIH, as well as RNA polymerase II protein complexes.