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Cytokeratin 8 (KRT8) belongs to the type II keratin family clustered on the long arm of chromosome 12. Type I and type II keratins heteropolymerize to form intermediate-sized filaments in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. KRT8 typically dimerizes with keratin 18 to form an intermediate filament in simple single-layered epithelial cells. KRT8 has a role in retaining cellular structural integrity and also functions in signal transduction and cellular differentiation. KRT8 gene mutations cause cryptogenic cirrhosis.

Leucine Aminopeptidase 3 also known as LAP3 is a member of the peptidase M17 family. LAP3 is implicated in the processing as well as regular turnover of intracellular proteins. LAP3 catalyzes the removal of unsubstituted N-terminal amino acids from different peptides. LAP3 is responsible of releasing an N-terminal amino acid, Xaa-|-Yaa-, in which Xaa is preferably Leu, but could be other amino acids including Pro although not Arg or Lys, and Yaa may be Pro. Amino acid amides and methyl esters are as well readily hydrolyzed; however rates on arylamides are exceedingly low.

Phosphoribosyl Pyrophosphate Synthetase 2, also known as PRPS2 is a member of the ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase family. PRPS2 catalyzes the synthesis of 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate from ATP and D-ribose 5-phosphate.

Membrane-bound & Cytosolic forms of GST are encoded by 2 separate supergene families. These enzymes function in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione. There are 8 different classes of soluble cytoplasmic mammalian GST: alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. The GSTA1 is found in a cluster mapped to chromosome 6, and is highly expressed in the liver. GSTA1 protects the cells from reactive oxygen species.

Membrane-bound & Cytosolic forms of GST are encoded by 2 separate supergene families. These enzymes function in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione. There are 8 different classes of soluble cytoplasmic mammalian GST: alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. The GSTA1 is found in a cluster mapped to chromosome 6, and is highly expressed in the liver. GSTA1 protects the cells from reactive oxygen species.

General Transcription Factor IIF Polypeptide 2 (GTF2F2) is a general transcription initiation factor which binds to RNA polymerase II and helps engage it in the initiation complex in collaboration with TFIIB. GTF2F2 promotes transcription elongation. GTF2F2 shows ATP-dependent DNA-helicase activity.

WARS is part of the class I tRNA synthetase family. 2 types of tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase exist, a cytoplasmic form, called WARS, and a mitochondrial form, called WARS2. WARS catalyzes the aminoacylation of tRNA(trp) with tryptophan and is induced by INF. WARS controls ERK, Akt, and eNOS activation pathways that are related with angiogenesis, cytoskeletal reorganization and shear stress-responsive gene expression.

Ribophorin 2 (RPN2) is a dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide protein glycosyltransferase subunit 2. The Ribophorin 2 protein is part of an N-oligosaccharyl transferase complex which links high mannose oligosaccharides to asparagine residues found in the Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif of nascent polypeptide chains. RPN2 is analogous in sequence to the yeast oligosaccharyl transferase subunit SWP1.

AMPD2 is significant in purine metabolism by converting AMP to IMP. AMPD2 which functions as a homotetramer, is one of the three AMP deaminases shown in mammals. More than a few transcript variants encoding differentisoforms have been discovered for AMPD2.

Trypsin is a serine protease that hydrolyses proteins, it is found in the digestive system of numerous vertebrates. Trypsin is produced as the inactive proenzyme trypsinogen in the pancreas. Trypsin cleaves peptide chains at the carboxyl side of the amino acids lysine and arginine, except when either is followed by proline. Trypsin is secreted into the duodenum, where it acts to hydrolyses peptides into amino acids, which is necessary for the uptake of protein in the food even though peptides are smaller than proteins; they are still too big to be absorbed through the lining of the ileum. The optimal operating pH for Trypsins is about 8 and about 37°C temperature. In cystic fibrosis disease there is a deficiency in transport of trypsin and other digestive enzymes from the pancreas. Trypsin is widely used in various biotechnological processes since it’s available in high quantity in the pancreases, and can be purified rather easily.

Leuprorelin (INN) or leuprolide acetate (USAN) is a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist).
By causing constant stimulation of the pituitaryGnRH receptors, it initially causes stimulation (flare), but thereafter decreases pituitary secretion (downregulation) of gonadotropins luteinizing hormone(LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH).
Like other GnRH agonists, leuprolide may be used in the treatment of hormone-responsive cancers such as prostate canceror breast cancer, estrogen-dependent conditions (such as endometriosisor uterine fibroids), to treat precocious puberty, and to control ovarian stimulation in IVF.

Lysostaphin, an endopeptidase specific for the cell wall peptidoglycan of staphylococci, is an extremely potent anti-staphylococcal agent. Lysostaphin is used as a research and diagnostic tool. Because it lyses staphylococci efficiently, it is widely used when preparing staphylococcal DNA or other cellular components for genetic and biochemical studies and for the preparation of protoplasts for transformation. Preparation and analysis of bacterial DNA has become a powerful tool used by clinical and other microbiologists in epidemiological studies aimed at tracing sources of infection or bacterial contamination.

METTL21A, which is a part of the methyltransferase superfamily, is a Protein-lysine methyltransferase that in vitro methylates HSPA1, HSPA5 and HSPA8.

Nuclear Apoptosis Inducing Factor 1 (NAIF1) is a part of the NAIF1 family. NAIF1 Interacts with HARBI1 and Induces apoptosis.

Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) antagonizes canonical Wnt signaling by inhibiting LRP5/6 interaction with Wnt and by creating a ternary complex with the transmembrane protein KREMEN which promotes internalization of LRP5/6. DKKs have a significant role in vertebrate development, where they locally inhibit Wnt controlled processes for instance antero-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis and eye formation. Furthermore, Dkks are involved in bone formation and bone disease, cancer and Alzheimer disease in Adults.

KLK7 catalyzes the degradation of intercellular cohesive structures in the cornified layer of the skin in the continuous shedding of cells from the skin surface. Specific for amino acid residues with aromatic side chains in the P1 position. KLK7 cleaves insulin B chain at ''6-Leu- -Cys-7'', ''16-Tyr- -Leu-17'', ''25-Phe- -Tyr-26'' and ''26-Tyr--Thr-27''. KLK7 is involved in the activation of precursors to inflammatory cytokines.

Synaptotagmin-1(SYT1) is a member of the synaptotagmin family, which contains two C2 domains. The synaptotagmins are integral membrane proteins of synaptic vesicles assumed to function as Ca(2+) sensors in the process of vesicular trafficking and exocytosis. SYT1 is the principal regulator responsible for allowing the human brain to release neurotransmitters. SYT1 may have a regulatory role in the membrane interactions during trafficking of synaptic vesicles at the active zone of the synapse. SYT1 binds acidic phospholipids with a specificity which entails the presence of both an acidic head group and a diacyl backbone. SYT1 can also bind to at least 3 additional proteins in a Ca2+-independent manner; these being neurexins, syntaxin and AP2.

DnaK, originally identified for its DNA replication by bacteriophage l in E. coli is the bacterial hsp70 chaperone. This protein is involved in the folding and assembly of newly synthesized polypeptide chains and in preventing the aggregation of stress-denatured proteins. Dnak(residues 508-638) of the substrate binding domain is a-helical and appears to act as a lid covering the substrate binding cleft. DnaK(amino acid 508-638) was purified to apparent homogeneity by using conventional column chromatography techniques. Additional amino acid (Met) is attached at N- terminus.

Plasma fibronectin level is elevated in severe coronary artery disease. Increased plasma fibronectin levels are related with venous thromboembolism (VTE) particularly in males, and extend the probable association between biomarkers and risk factors for arterial atherothrombosis and VTE. Fibronectin plays a role in several cellular processes, including tissue repair, embryogenesis, blood clotting, and cell migration/adhesion. Fibronectin consists in two main forms: 1) as an insoluble glycoprotein dimer that serves as a linker in the extracellular matrix and 2) as a soluble disulphide linked dimer found in the plasma. The plasma form is produced by hepatocytes, and the ECM form is synthesized by fibroblasts, chondrocytes, endothelial cells, macrophages, as well as certain epithelial cells. Fibronectin also takes part as a general cell adhesion molecule by anchoring cells to collagen or proteoglycan substrates. Fibronectin organizes cellular interaction with the ECM by binding to different components of the extracellular matrix and to membrane-bound Fibronectin receptors on cell surfaces.

Placental Lactogen is a polypeptide hormone that is produced by the Syncytiotrophoblasts of the Placenta, also known as chorionic somatomammotropin. It has both GH and Prolactin activities on growth, lactation, and luteal steroid production. In women, placental lactogen secretion begins soon after implantation and increases to 1 g or more a day in late pregnancy. Placental lactogen is also an ins. antagonist.
Placental Lactogen Bovine is also capable of activating human and other heterologous GH receptors but not ruminat GH receptors.

GH is a member of the somatotropin/prolactin family of hormones which play an important role in growth control. The gene, along with four other related genes, is located at the growth hormone locus on chromosome 17 where they are interspersed in the same transcriptional orientation; an arrangement which is thought to have evolved by a series of gene duplications. The five genes share a remarkably high degree of sequence identity. Alternative splicing generates additional isoforms of each of the five growth hormones, leading to further diversity and potential for specialization. This particular family member is expressed in the pituitary but not in placental tissue as is the case for the other four genes in the growth hormone locus. Mutations in or deletions of the gene lead to growth hormone deficiency and short stature.

KRT20 is a member of the keratin family. The keratins are intermediate filament proteins responsible for the structural integrity of epithelial cells and are subdivided into cytokeratins and hair keratins. The type I cytokeratins consist of acidic proteins which are arranged in pairs of heterotypic keratin chains. This cytokeratin is a major cellular protein of mature enterocytes and goblet cells and is specifically expressed in the gastric and intestinal mucosa. The type I cytokeratin genes are clustered in a region of chromosome 17q12-q21.

Keratin 8 and 18 (K8/18) are the major components of intermediate filament (IF) proteins of simple or single-layered epithelia.

Exenatide Derived from the saliva of the gila monster, is a 39 amino acid peptide that mimics the GLP-1 incretin, an insulin secretagogue with glucoregulatory effects. Typical responses to exenatide include improvements in the initial rapid release of endogenous insulin, suppression of glucagon release by the pancreas, regulation of gastric empyting, and reduced appetite - all of which function to lower blood glucose. Exenatide is self-regulating in that it lowers blood sugar when levels are elevated but does not continue to lower blood sugar when levels return to normal, unlike with sulfonylureas or insulins.