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GroEL, HSP60 is a chaperonin located in the mitochondria which is responsible for the transportation & refolding of proteins from the cytoplasm directly into the mitochondrial matrix. GroEL is regulated by the HSP10 cochaperonin, which is a single heptameric protein ring having a molecular mass of 10 kDa which form a unique complex with HSP60. HSP10, GroES coordinates the ATPase activity of the HSP60 subunits in order to allow the release of bound polypeptide in a manner that is productive for its correct folding.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11 (CXCL11) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokinen family that is also called inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC) and (IP-9). I-TAC is highly expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes, pancreas and liver, with moderate levels in thymus, spleen and lung and low expression levels were in small intestine, placenta and prostate. Gene expression of CXCL11 is strongly induced by IFN-g and IFN-b, and weakly induced by IFN-a. The I-TAC chemokine elicits its effects on its target cells by interacting with the cell surface chemokine receptor CXCR3, with a higher affinity than do the other ligands for this receptor, CXCL9 and CXCL10. I-TAC is chemotactic for activated T cells. The CXCL11 gene is located on human chromosome 4 along with many other members of the CXC chemokine family.

GFP, also known as Green Fluorescent Protein, is a protein produced by the jellyfish (Aequorea Victoria) that produces bioluminescence in the green zone of the noticeable spectrum. Green Fluorescent Protein is a useful and ubiquitous instrument for producing chimeric proteins, where it functions as a fluorescent protein tag. GFP is expressed in most known cell types and is used as a noninvasive fluorescent marker in living cells and organisms. Green Fluorescent Protein permits a broad range of applications where it has functioned as a cell lineage tracer, reporter of gene expression, or as a measure of protein-protein interactions. Enhanced GFP (eGFP) has F64L and S65T mutations, which make GFP show increased fluorescence and fold more efficiently under 370.

Mesoderm development candidate 2 (MESDC2) is required for formation of the primitive streak and mesoderm during embryogenesis. MESDC2 binds to the Wnt co-receptors LRP5 and LRP6 in the endoplasmic reticulum and is required for their proper folding and cell surface expression.

The 14-3-3 family of proteins plays a key regulatory role in signal transduction, checkpoint control, apoptotic and nutrient-sensing pathways. 14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed. There are at least seven isoforms that have been identified in mammals. The 14-3-3gamma, a subtype of the 14-3-3 family of proteins, was thought to be brain and neuron-specific. It has been shown to interact with RAF1 and protein kinase C, proteins involved in various signal transduction pathways.

DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 24 (DNAJC24) belongs to the ZCSL family of proteins and each contain one DPH-type zinc finger. DNAJC24 is involved in the synthesis of diphthamide, a protein found on translation elongation factor EF-2 which is the target of bacterial ADP-ribosylating toxins. DNAJC24 stimulates the ATPase activity of few Hsp70-type chaperones. DNAJC24 detected in heart, brain, spleen, lung, liver, kidney and testis.

SLAMF1 is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily and is involved in T-cell stimulation. The SLAMF1 protein is constitutively expressed on peripheral blood memory T cells, T-cell clones, immature thymocytes, and a fraction of B cells, and is swiftly induced on naive T cells after activation. There are probably 2 modes of SLAM signaling: one in which the inhibitor SH2D1A serves as a negative regulator and another in which protein-tyrosine phosphatase 2C (PTPN11)-dependent signal transduction functions.

FABP1 (Fatty acid binding protein1) encodes the fatty acid binding protein found in liver. FABP1 is composed of ten antiparallel beta strands that form a barrel with a bigger binding pocket than the other FABPs allowing it to accommodate two fatty acid. This protein binds free fatty acids and their coenzyme A derivatives, bilirubin, and some other small molecules in the cytoplasm; it may be involved in intracellular lipid transport and metabolism.

Mouse Complement 5a (C5a) is a glycoprotein which is a member of a family of structurally and functionally related proteins known as anaphylatoxins. C5a is a 77 a.a. peptide created by the C5a convertase proteolytic cleavage of C5 ? chain in the classical and alternative complement pathway (C4b2a3b, C3bBb3b). The mouse C5a has four ? helices and three intrachain disulfide bonds which form a triple loop structure. C5a functions through G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) (C5aR/CD88). C5a is a effective chemoattractant and anaphylatoxin which functions on all classes of leukocytes and on many other cell types including endothelial, smooth muscle, kidney, liver, and neural cells. Mouse C5a also mediates IL-8 release from bronchial epithelial cells. Furthermore, it triggers an oxidative surge in macrophages and neutrophils, causing the release of histamine in basophils and mast cells. The C5a anaphylatoxin activity on hepatocytes results indirectly from interaction with nonparenchymal cell via prostanoid secretion.

CDHR5, also referred to ascadherin-related family member 5, is a calcium-dependent cell adhesion protein. CDHR5 is located in coated pits, and is expressed during lung and kidney developmentat at the lateral and basal surfaces of epithelia.

Chromogranin A is a 439 amino acid protein which is encoded on chromosome 14 and is present in neuroendocrine cells throughout the body, including the neuroendocrine cells of the large and small intestine, adrenal medulla and pancreatic islets. It is an excellent marker for carcinoid tumors, phenochromocytomas, paragangliomas, and other neuroendocrine tumors.
Coexpression of chromogranin A and neuron specific enolase (NSE) is common in neuroendocrine neoplasms.

CXADR Like Membrane Protein or CLMP, part of the CTX family within the immunoglobulin superfamily, is a type 1 transmembrane peptide. CLMP is expressed in the placenta and small intensine, skeletal muscle, colon, lungs and heart. CLMP is located in junction complexes across endothelial and epithelial cells and can take part in cell adhesion. The protein has influence on development of obesity via adipocyte differentiation.

SNAPIN is involved in the neurotransmitter release process through its modulation of the sequential interactions between the SNAREs and synaptotagmin. SNAPIN is part of the SNARE complex of proteins that is needed for synaptic vesicle docking and fusion. SNAPAP is enriched in neurons and exclusively located on synaptic vesicle membrane protein. SNAPIN is also an important factor of the BLOC1 multisubunit protein complex. BLOC1 is required for normal biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules.

Neurotensin (NTS) is a common precursor for 2 peptides, neuromedin N and neurotensin. Neurotensin is a secreted tridecapeptide, which is generally distributed throughout the central nervous system, and may serve as a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator. NTS is involved in the maintenance of gut structure and function, and in the regulation of fat metabolism. Tissue-specific processing may initiate the formation in some tissues of larger forms of neuromedin N and neurotensin. The large forms may embody more stable peptides which are also biologically active.

EMC2 is an element of the ER membrane protein complex. EMC2 is a member of the EMC2 family and holds 3 TPR repeats.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3 (CXCL3) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as GRO3 oncogene (GRO3), GRO protein gamma (GROg) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2-beta (MIP2b). CXCL3 controls migration and adhesion of monocytes and mediates it effects on its target cell by interacting with a cell surface chemokine receptor called CXCR2. The gene for CXCL3 is located on chromosome 4 in a cluster of other CXC chemokines.

Gametocyte Specific Factor 1 (GTSF1) is a member of the UPF0224 (FAM112) family and contains 1 CHHC-type zinc finger. A key paralog of the GTSF1 gene is GTSF1L.

Cholera Toxin B subunit (ctxB) Cholera is a protein complex secreted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. ctxB is responsible for the massive, watery diarrhea characteristic of cholera infection. The cholera toxin is an oligomeric complex made up of 6 protein subunits: a single copy of the A subunit and5 copies of the B subunit, denoted as AB5. Subunit B binds while subunit A activates the G protein which activates adenylate cyclase. The five B subunits form a five-membered ring. The A subunit has 2 important segments. The A1 portion of the chain (CTA1) is a globular enzyme payload that ADP-ribosylates G proteins, while the A2 chain (CTA2) forms an extended alpha helix which sits snugly in the central pore of the B subunit ring.

CDNF is a member of the ARMET family and acts as a trophic factor for neurons. CDNF inhibits the 6-hydroxy (6-OHDA)-induced degeneration of neurons. When CDNF controlled after 6-OHDA-lesioning, it reestablishes the function and inhibits the degeneration of neurons in substantia nigra. CDNF is universally expressed in neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. The highest levels in the brain are found in the optic nerve and corpus callosum.

SDF-1 (stromal cell-derived factor-1) is small cytokine belonging to the chemokine family that is officially designated Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12). It is produced in two forms, SDF-1?/CXCL12a and SDF-1?/CXCL12b, by alternate splicing of the same gene. Chemokines are characterized by the presence of four conserved cysteines, which form two disulfide bonds. The CXCL12 proteins belong to the group of CXC chemokines, whose initial pair of cysteines are separated by one intervening amino acid. CXCL12 is strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes and has been implicated as an important cell co-ordinator during development. During embryogenesis it directs the migration of hematopoietic cells from foetal liver to bone marrow. Mice which were knocked-out for CXCL12 gene were lethal before the birth or within just 1 hour of life. As another role, CXCL12a alters also the electrophysiology of neurons. CXCL12 was shown to be expressend in many tissues in mice (including brain, thymus, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and bone marrow).
The receptor for this chemokine is CXCR4, which was previously called fusin. This CXCL12-CXCR4 interaction used to be considered exclusive (unlike for other chemokines and their receptors), but recently it was suggested that CXCL12 is also bound by CXCR7 receptor.
The gene for CXCL12 is located on human chromosome 10. In human and mouse both CXCL12 and CXCR4 show high identity of sequence: 99% and 90%, respectively.

Pollen allergen Car b 1 isoform (Car b 1.0109) causes an allergic reaction in humans.