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ARG2 participates in the regulation of extra-urea cycle arginine metabolism and also in down-regulation of nitric oxide synthesis. Extrahepatic arginase functions to regulate L-arginine bioavailability to NO synthase. Since NO synthase is found in the penile corpus cavernosum smooth muscle, the clitoral corpus cavernosum and the vagina, ARG2 takes part in both male and female sexual arousal and therefore a potential target for the treatment of male and female sexual arousal disorders.

Myristate, a rare 14-carbon saturated fatty acid, is co-translationally attached by an amide linkage to the N-terminal glycine residue of cellular & viral proteins with various functions. N-Myristoyltransferase 1, also known as NMT1 catalyzes the transfer of myristate from CoA to proteins. NMT1 seems to be irreversible and is essential for full expression of the biologic activities of several N-myristoylated proteins, as well as the alpha subunit of the signal-transducing guanine nucleotide-binding protein, G protein.

CFLAR contains two death effector domains (DEDs) and a caspase-like domain. CFLAR may play a critical role between cell survival and cell death pathway in mammalian cells. CFLAR also interacts with adapter protein FADD and caspase-8 and -10, and potently inhibits apoptosis induced by all known death receptors DR3 (death receptor 3), TRAIL-R (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor) and TNFR1 (tumor necrosis factor receptor 1).

Anthrax PA (Protective Antigen) and Anthrax LF (Lethal Factor), along with Anthrax EF (Edema Factor), are toxins produced by Bacillus anthracis. All three of the proteins must be present for toxicity to occur. It begins with the binding of PA to its cell-surface receptor, ATR (Anthrax Toxin Receptor), at which point PA is cleaved and the resulting 63 kD carboxyl-terminal fragment binds to LF and EF. LF is a protease that is known to cleave members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) family(2).

PRPS1 catalyzes the synthesis of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) that is essential for nucleotide synthesis. PRPS1 catalyzes the phosphoribosylation of ribose 5-phosphate to 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate, which is essential for purine metabolism and nucleotide biosynthesis. Defects in PRPS1 result in phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase superactivity, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease X-linked recessive type 5 and Arts Syndrome.

The PARK7 is a ubiquitously expressed protein involved in various cellular processes including spermatogenesis and fertilization, cancer, RNA-binding, androgen-receptor signaling and oxidative stress. Mutations in the PARK7 are the cause of autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson’s disease 7 (Park7).

TUBG1 belongs to the tubulin superfamily. TUBG1 is localizes to the centrosome and binds to microtubules to create the gamma-tubulin ring complex. TUBG1 facilitates the microtubule nucleation and is essential for microtubule formation and progression of the cell cycle.

ACADS is a tetrameric mitochondrial flavoprotein, which is part of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family. ACADS catalyzes the first step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. Mutations in ACADS have been associated with Short Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency.

Von Hippel-Lindau disease is a dominant inherited syndrome characterized by the predisposition to develop various kinds of benign and malignant tumors, including clear cell renal carcinomas, pheochromocytomas and hemangioblastomas of the central nervous system and retina. VHL syndrome is caused by germline mutation in the VHL tumor suppressor, and VHL tumors are associated with loss or mutation of the remaining wild-type allele. VHL has two domains: a roughly 100-residue NH2-terminal domain rich in  sheet (-domain) and a smaller -helical domain (-domain), held together by two linkers and a polar interface. VHL protein is also involved in the degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF).

CNDP Dipeptidase 2 (CNDP2), is a cytosolic, non-specific dipeptidase which is a part of the peptidase M20A protein family. CNDP2 is a secreted peptidase homologous to M20 peptidases. CNDP2 expresses through all adult and fetal tissue, though, an isoform missing exons 3 and 4 expresses in all fetal tissue in adult liver. Over expression of CPGL-B in hepatocellular carcinoma cells results in significant inhibition of HC cell viability, colony formation, cell invasiveness and tumor configuration.

SSU72 is an extremely conserved homologue of yeast Ssu72, a CTD phosphatase and a component of the polyadenylation/termination machinery. SSU72 interacts with TFIIB, Rb and DNAM-1 and operates to catalyze the dephosphorylation of target proteins, and taking part in RNA processing and termination via dephosphorylation of Pol II. SSU72 is found in multiple alternatively spliced isoforms.

Stem cell factor / KIT ligand (SCF) is a cytokine which binds CD117(c-Kit). SCF is also known as "steel factor" or "c-kit ligand". SCF exists in two forms, cell surface bound SCF and soluble (or free) SCF. Soluble SCF is produced by the cleavage of surface bound SCF by metalloproteases.
SCF is a growth factor important for the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and other hematopoietic progenitor cells. One of its roles is to change the BFU-E (burst-forming unit-erythroid) cells, which are the earliest erythrocyte precursors in the erythrocytic series, into the CFU-E (colony-forming unit-erythroid).

NQO2 is a flavoprotein that catalyzes the 2-electron reduction of diverse quinones, redox dyes, and the vitamin K menadione. NQO2 mainly uses dihydronicotinamide riboside (NRH) as the electron donor. NQO2 catalyzes the metabolic detoxification of quinones and their derivatives to hydroquinones. This detoxification process protects cells against quinone-induced oxidative stress, cytotoxicity and mutagenicity.

CD8 protein is a glycoprotein that is located on the cell surface of cytotoxic T lymphocytes the interferes interactions between cells of the immune system. This protein is a coreceptor that helps detect antigens shown by the APC (antigen presenting cells) as part of the class I MHC proteins. It can be a homodimer build from 2 alpha chains orheterodimer build from alpha and beta chains.

Vps20-associated 1 homolog (VTA1) is a member of the VTA1 family. The VTA1 protein is involved in the endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVB) pathway. Furthermore, VTA1 is interacts with CHMP1B, CHMP2A, CHMP5, VPS4B, KIAA0174 (IST1) and possibly CHMP3. VTA1 is believed to be a cofactor of VPS4A/B, which catalyzes membrane-associated ESCRT-III assemblies. In addition, VTA1 is involved in the sorting and down-regulation of EGFR and also in HIV-1 budding.

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) is a basic antibody produced by B cells. IgM is the first antibody to emerge in response to initial exposure to an antigen. IgM antibodies are found in the blood and lymph fluid and are the third most widespread serum Ig. Immunoglobulin M (IgM), being the 3rd most widespread serum Ig and exists in two forms- mostly as a pentamer (970kDa) but also as a hexamer. The pentameric IgM has 10 binding sites since each monomer has two antigen binding sites. Due to distance constraints in the hexameric complex, the J chain is found in pentameric IgM but not in the hexameric form. IgM antibodies, which appear early in the course of an infection, typically reappear to a smaller extent after additional exposure. IgM, as opposed to IgG antibodies, do not pass across the human placenta. These properties of IgM make it suitable for the diagnosis of infectious diseases.

SERPINB5 (Maspin) is a tumor suppressor protein of the serine proteinase inhibitor family. Maspin plays a vital role in embryonic development through critical functions in cell adhesion. In addition, Maspin is present in normal breast and prostatic epithelial cells although down regulated in the particular carcinomas. SERPINB5 impedes the growth, invasion, and metastatic properties of mammary tumors as well as the invasive ability of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells. SERPINB5 being a breast tumor suppressor gene is a significant marker of the disease progression in breast neoplasms. Furthermore, high expression of maspin is linked to squamous cell carcinoma in non-small-cell lung cancer. Moreover, maspin expression has been directly linked with the biological aggressiveness of ovarian carcinoma. Maspin exhibits no serine protease inhibitory activity since it does not undergo the stressed to relaxed conformational transition typical of active serpins.

ISG15 ubiquitin-like Modifier is conjugated to the intracellular target proteins after IFN-alpha or IFN-beta stimulation. ISG15 enzymatic pathway is partially distinct from that of ubiquitin, differing in substrate specificity and interaction with ligating enzymes. ISG15 conjugation pathway uses a dedicated E1 enzyme, but seems to converge with the ub conjugation pathway at the level of a specific E2 enzyme. ISG15 protein targets include STAT1, SERPINA 3G/SPI2A, JAK1, MAPK3/ERK1, PLCG1, EIF2AK2/PKR, MX1/MXA, and RIG-1. Deconjugated by USP18/UBP43 shows specific chemotactic activity towards neutrophils and activates them to induce release of eosinophil chemotactic factors. ISG15 serves as a trans-acting binding factor directing the association of ligated target proteins to intermediate filaments. ISG15 plays a role in autocrine, paracrine and endocrine mechanisms, as in cell-to-cell signaling, possibly partly by inducing ifn-gamma secretion by monocytes and macrophages. ISG15 displays a

HCV is a small 50nm, enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNA virus in the family Flaviviridae.
HCV has a high rate of replication with approximately one trillion particles produced each day in an infected individual. Due to lack of proofreading by the HCV RNA polymerase, the HCV has an exceptionally high mutation rate, a factor that may help it elude the host's immune response. Hepatitis C virus is classified into six genotypes (1-6) with several subtypes within each genotype. The preponderance and distribution of HCV genotypes varies globally. Genotype is clinically important in determining potential response to interferon-based therapy and the required duration of such therapy. Genotypes 1 and 4 are less responsive to interferon-based treatment than are the other genotypes (2, 3, 5 and 6).

PFKM is a regulatory glycolytic enzyme that converts fructose 6-phosphate and ATP into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (through PFK-1), fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (through PFK-2) and ADP. Three phosphofructokinase isozymes exist in humans: muscle, liver and platelet. Mutations in PFKM gene have been related with glycogen storage disease type VII, also identified as Tarui disease.

RANKL binds to tnfrsf11b/opg and to tnfrsf11a/rank. Osteoclast differentiation and activation factor. augments the ability of dendritic cells to stimulate naive t-cell proliferation. May be an important regulator of interactions between t-cells and dendritic cells and may play a role in the regulation of the t-cell-dependent immune response. sRANKL may also play an important role in enhanced bone-resorption in humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy.

Il-6 is a cytokine with a wide variety of biological functions: it plays an essential role in the final differentiation of b-cells into ig-secreting cells, it induces myeloma and plasmacytoma growth, it induces nerve cells differentiation, in hepatocytes it induces acute phase reactants.

LGLAS9 binds galactosides and has high affinity for the Forssman pentasaccharide. LGLAS9 participates in thymocyte-epithelial interactions relevant to the biology of the thymus and Inhibits cell proliferation. LGLAS9 is a ligand for HAVCR2/TIM3. LGLAS9 Induces T-helper type 1 lymphocyte (Th1) death. LGLAS9 performs as an eosinophil chemoattractant LGLAS9 is an S-type lectin which is over-expressed in Hodgkin's disease tissue and takes part in the interaction between the H&RS cells with their surrounding cells.

Mediator of ErbB2-driven cell motility 1 (MEMO1) is a member of the UPF0103 family. MEMO1 regulates cell migration by transmitting extracellular chemotactic signals to the microtubule cytoskeleton. Furthermore, MEMO1 controls the localization of APC and CLASP2 to the cell membrane, using the regulation of GSK3B activity. MEMO1 is essential for breast carcinoma cell migration, suggesting a key role in tumorigenesis. MEMO1 is also a mediator of ERBB2 signaling.