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KLRC2 has a part as a receptor for the recognition of MHC class I HLA-E molecules by NK cells and some cytotoxic T-cells. The group, designated KLRC (NKG2) are expressed mainly in natural killer (NK) cells and encodes a family of transmembrane proteins categorized by a type II membrane orientation (extracellular C terminus) and the presence of a C-type lectin domain. The KLRC (NKG2) gene family is situated inside the NK complex, a region which holds a few C-type lectin genes specially expressed on NK cells. KLRC2 alternative splice variants are known but their full-length nature is yet to be determined.

Leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor 2 (LAIR2) is a secreted, 131 amino acids protein which contains one IglikeC2 type domain, rendering it a member of the Ig superfamily. Even though one is secreted and one is membrane bound, the 2 LAIR proteins are assumed to have evolved from a common gene ancestor and seem to share similar adhesion profiles, suggesting that LAIR2 may compete with LAIR1 for ligand binding. LAIR2 was discovered by its similarity to LAIR1, which is an inhibitory receptor present on mononuclear leukocytes. The LAIR2 gene maps to a region of 19q13.4, dubbed the leukocyte receptor cluster, which contains 29 genes in the immunoglobulin superfamily, including LAIR1. The function of the LAIR2 protein is unknown, though it is assumed to be secreted and may help modulate mucosal tolerance.

HBsAg is the surface antigenof the Hepatitis-B-Virus (HBV). The capsidof a virus has different surface proteins from the rest of the virus. The antigen is a protein that binds specifically on one of these surface proteins. It is commonly referred to as the Australian Antigen.

IFN-gamma produced by lymphocytes activated by specific antigens / mitogens.
IFN-gamma, on top of having antiviral activity, has important immunoregulatory functions, it is a potent activator of macrophages, and has antiproliferative effects on transformed cells and it can potentiate the antiviral and antitumor effects of the type I interferons.

Human TNFRSF10A is a type 1 transmembrane protein in the TNF R superfamily. TNFRSF10A is not expressed in rodents. The trimeric ligand Trail binds TNFRSF10A and induces apoptosis, and recombinant, soluble forms of the receptor inhibit Trail-induced apoptosis. TNFRSF10A is expressed generally in damaged, infected, and malignant cells. TNFRSF10A functions in immune surveillance, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells but not normal cells.

UL16 Binding Protein 3 (ULBP3) is a ligand for the NKG2D receptor in NK cells. ULBPs activate different signaling pathways resulting in the production of cytokines and chemokines. ULBP3 is a ligand for the KLRK1/NKG2D receptor, along with at least ULBP1 and ULBP2. Binding of ULBPs ligands to KLRK1/NKG2D stimulates calcium mobilization and activation of the JAK2, STAT5, ERK and PI3K kinase/Akt signal transduction pathway. ULBP3 has lower affinity for KLRK1/NKG2D compared to ULBP1 and ULBP2 and stimulates weaker signaling responses than does ULBP2 or ULBP1.

Members of the Rho (or ARH) protein family and other Ras-related small GTP-binding proteins are involved in various cellular procedures, such as cell cytoskeletal organization, secretion, proliferation, and signaling. The GTPBPs are active only in the GTP-bound state. At least 3 types of proteins firmly regulate cycling between the GTP-bound and GDP-bound states: GDP-dissociation inhibitors (GDIs), GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine nucleotide-releasing factors (GRFs). ARHGDIB and the other GDIs lower the level of GDP dissociation from Ras-like GTPases.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is derived from the transcription product of the proglucagon gene. The major source of GLP-1 in the body is the intestinal L cell that secretes GLP-1 as a guthormone. The biologically active forms of GLP-1 are: GLP-1-(7-37) and GLP-1-(7-36)NH2.
GLP-1 secretion by L cells is dependent on the presence of nutrients in the lumen of the small intestine. The secretagogues (agents that causes or stimulates secretion) of this hormone include major nutrients like carbohydrate, proteinand lipid. Once in the circulation, GLP-1 has a half life of less than 2 minutes, due to rapid degradation by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4.
GLP-1 possesses several physiological properties that make it a subject of intensive investigation as a potential treatment of diabetes mellitus. The known physiological functions of GLP-1 include: Increases insulin secretion from the pancreas in a glucose-dependent manner, decreases glucagon secretion from the pancreas, increases beta cells mass and insulin gene expression, inhibits acid secretion and gastric emptying in the stomach, decreases food intake by increasing satiety.

Human TNFRSF10A is a type 1 transmembrane protein in the TNF R superfamily. TNFRSF10A is not expressed in rodents. The trimeric ligand Trail binds TNFRSF10A and induces apoptosis, and recombinant, soluble forms of the receptor inhibit Trail-induced apoptosis. TNFRSF10A is expressed generally in damaged, infected, and malignant cells. TNFRSF10A functions in immune surveillance, inducing apoptosis in cancer cells but not normal cells.

Calcitonin (CT) is a peptide hormone produced by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland in mammals and by the ultimobranchial gland of birds and fish. Salmon calcitonin (sCT), which is more potent and longer lasting than human CT, has been used widely for the treatment of osteoporosis, paget's disease, hypercalcemic shock and chronic pain in terminal cancer patients. sCT is one of the many bioactive peptides that require C-terminal amidation for full biological activity.

Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II DR Beta 1 also known as HLA-DRB1 ia a member of the HLA class II beta chain paralogs. Molecule class II is a heterodimer consisting of an alpha (DRA) and a beta chain (DRB), both anchored in the membrane. HLA-DRB1 takes an essential part in the immune system by presenting peptides derived from extracellular proteins. Class II molecules are expressed in antigen presenting cells (APC: B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages). Furthermore, the beta chain is approximately 26- 28 kDa. It is encoded by 6 exons. While exon one encodes the leader peptide; exons 2 and 3 encode the two extracellular domains; exon 4 encodes the transmembrane domain; and exon 5 encodes the cytoplasmic tail.

Estrogen receptors α (ERα, ER; NR3A1) is a member of the steroid hormone receptor family. ERα is a ligand-activated transcription factor. ERα contain DNA binding and ligand binding domains. ERα is expressed in a wide variety of tissues, including ovary, uterus, breast, prostate, testis, epididymis, bones, bladder, kidney, heart, vessel wall, pituitary gland and hypothalamus. ER plays a variety of important roles in the maintenance of the reproductive, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal and central nervous systems. The natural ligand for ER is 17β-estradiol, the classical estrogenic compound. The binding of estrogen to ER induces a conformational change and triggers a cascade of events, including dissociation from heat shock proteins, receptor dimerization, phosphorylation and the association of the hormone activated receptor with specific regulatory elements in target genes.

Gamma-glutamylaminecyclotransferase (A2LD1) is an enzyme which converts gamma-glutamylamines to free amines and 5-oxoproline. A2LD1 demonstrates high activity toward gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysine, derived from the breakdown of fibrin and other proteins cross-linked by transglutaminases. A2LD1 assists in the proteolytic degradation of crosslinked fibrin by breaking down isodipeptide L-gamma-glutamyl-L-epsilon-lysine, which is a byproduct of fibrin degradation. The reaction catalyzed by the A2LD1 produces 5-oxo-L-proline and a free alkylamine.

AK1 is a small ubiquitous enzyme which is essential for maintenance and cell growth. It is involved in the regulation of adenine nucleotide composition within a cell by catalyzing the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP. The AK1 protein is found in the cytosol of skeletal muscle, brain and erythrocytes. Defects in the AK1 gene are the cause of a form of hemolytic anemia.

AK3L1 is an affiliate of the adenylate kinase family of enzymes. AK3L1 enzyme is restricted to the mitochondrial matrix. Adenylate kinases-3 regulates the adenine and guanine nucleotide compositions within a cell by means of catalyzing the reversible transfer of phosphate group among these nucleotides. 5 different isozymes of adenylate kinase have been identified in vertebrates. The enzyme expression of various adenylate kinase isozymes is growth regulated and tissue-specific.

AKR1C3 is part of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily, which has at least 40 identified proteins. AKR1C3 catalyzes the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols by utilizing NADH and/or NADPH as cofactors. AKR1C3 displays overlapping but distinct substrate specificity. AKR1C3 catalyzes the reduction of prostaglandin (PG) D2, PGH2 and phenanthrenequinone (PQ), and the oxidation of 9alpha,11beta-PGF2 to PGD2. AKR1C3 is involved in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases such as asthma. AKR1C3 controls cell growth and/or differentiation. AKR1C3 takes part in adrenal testosterone production. AKR1C3 expression is affected by metabolic disease, and its levels are considerably reduced in response to diet-induced weight loss and correlate with leptin levels.

Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4 or AKR1C4 is a part of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily that has more then 40 known proteins & enzymes. AKR1C4 catalyzes the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols with NADH and/or NADPH as cofactors. AKR1C4 takes place in the bioreduction of chlordecone, a toxic organochlorine pesticide, to chlordecone alcohol in the liver tissue.

SH3 domain-binding glutamic acid-rich-like protein (SH3BGRL) belongs to the human SH3BGR family. SH3BGRL gene which is located to chromosome Xq13.3, encodes a small protein of 114 amino acids that is extensively expressed in various tissues including liver and blood. SH3BGRL protein contains a prolinerich sequence (PLPPQIF), which is comprsed of both the SH3 binding (PXXP)3 and the Homer EVH1 binding (PPXXF)4 motif.

ARG2 participates in the regulation of extra-urea cycle arginine metabolism and also in down-regulation of nitric oxide synthesis. Extrahepatic arginase functions to regulate L-arginine bioavailability to NO synthase. Since NO synthase is found in the penile corpus cavernosum smooth muscle, the clitoral corpus cavernosum and the vagina, ARG2 takes part in both male and female sexual arousal and therefore a potential target for the treatment of male and female sexual arousal disorders.

Mitochondrial methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase (AUH) is involved in the amino acid degradation pathway by catalyzing the conversion of 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA and water. AUH Human is expressed as a single mRNA species of 1.8 kb, and translated as a 40kDa precursor protein which is consequently processed to a 32kDa mature form. AUH has a very low enoyl-CoA hydratase activity. The AUH protein binds to the AU-rich element (ARE), which is a common element found in the 3' UTR of rapidly decaying mRNA such as c-fos, c-myc and granulocyte/ macrophage colony stimulating factor. AU-rich elements are involved in directing RNA to rapid degradation and deadenylation. In addition, AUH is homologous to enol-CoA hydratase, which is an enzyme involved in fatty acid degradation, and has been shown to have intrinsic hydratase enzymatic activity. AUH is therefore a bifunctional chimera between RNA binding and metabolic enzyme activity.

AURKA (Aurora Kinase A) belongs to the mitotic serine/threonine kinases family. AURKA is a cell cycle-regulated kinase which may be involved in microtubule formation and/or stabilization at the spindle pole during chromosome segregation. AURKA is found at the centrosome in interphase cells and at the spindle poles in mitosis. Since the AURKA expression is cell-cycle regulated, it is low in G1/S, it accumulates during G2/M, and it decreases rapidly after. AURKA is involved in important processes during mitosis and meiosis whose proper function is essential for healthy cell proliferation. In addition, AURKA plays an essential role in tumourigenesis and is overexpressed in various types of cancers. AURKA is strongly expressed in the testis, colon, ovarian, prostate, neuroblastoma, breast and cervical cancer cell lines and weakly in skeletal muscle, thymus and spleen. AURKA interacts with its substrates BORA and ARHGEF2, as well as with TACC1 and CPEB1.
Defects in the AURKA gene cause numerical centrosome aberrations including aneuploidy. AURKA overexpression has been linked to chromosomal instability in colorectal cancer. AURKA expression may have a prognostic significance in ovarian carcinoma.