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All three VEGF receptors belong to the class III subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) characterised by the seven immunoglobulin-like loops in the extracellular domain. The expression of VEGFR-1 to -3 is almost exclusively restricted to hematopoietic precursor cells, vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells and to the monocyte/macrophage lineage. They play key roles in vasculogenesis, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. The FLT-4 cDNA encodes a 1298 amino acid (aa) residue precursor protein with a 23 aa residue signal peptide. Mature VEGFR-3/FLT-4 is composed of a 751 aa residue extracellular domain, a 22 aa transmembrane domain and a 482 aa residue cytoplasmic domain. Both VEGF family members VEGF-C and VEGF-D have been shown to bind and activate VEGFR-3/FLT-4. The Flt-4 gene is widely expressed in the early embryo but becomes restricted to the lymphatic endothelial a latter stages of development. It is important for lymphangiogenesis.

Nafarelin acetate is a synthetic analog of the naturally occurring gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Nafarelin stimulates the release of the pituitary gonadotropins, LH and FSH, resulting in a temporary increase of ovarian steroidogenesis.

S100A8 is a part of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a broad range of cells, and participate in the regulation of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100A8 plays a role in the inhibition of casein kinase and as a cytokine. S100A8 altered expression is related with cystic fibrosis disease. S100A8 is a calcium-binding protein that has antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.S100A8 is crucial for resistance towards invasion by pathogenic bacteria. S100A8 up-regulates transcription of genes that are under the control of NF-kappa-B. S100A8 plays a role in the development of endotoxic shock in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. S100A8 endorses tubulin polymerization and promotes phagocyte migration and infiltration of granulocytes at sites of wounding. S100A8 takes part as a pro-inflammatory mediator in acute and chronic inflammation and up-regulates the release of IL8 and cell-surface expression of ICAM1.

MTHFD2 plays a role as a homodimer which requires magnesium and inorganic phosphate. MTHFD2 has a pseudogene on chromosome 7 and owns 3 different enzymatic activities. Each of the activities catalyzes 1 of 3 sequential reactions in the interconversion of 1-carbon derivatives of tetrahydrofolate, which are substrates for methionine, thymidylate, and de novo purine syntheses.

Heat Shock Transcription Factor, Y-Linked 1 (HSFY1) is a member of the heat shock factor (HSF) family of transcriptional activators for heat shock proteins. HSFY1 is localizes to an area of chromosome Y which is from time to time deleted in infertile males and therefore is considered a gene for azoospermia. The genome has 2 identical duplicates of HSFY1 within a palindromic area.

SLAM family member 6 (SLAMF6) is a member of the SLAM family of immune cell receptors. SLAMF6 is a unique receptor on T cells which, when triggered potentiates T cell expansion in a CD28-independent manner. SLAMF6 has a high expression on NK-, T-, and B cells. SLAMF6 exhibits homotypic interactions and can connect with adaptor molecules such as SAP to alter immune cell function.

Neuregulin/Heregulin is a family of structurally related polypeptide growth factors which are stemmed from alternatively spliced genes (NRG1, NRG2, NRG3 and NRG4). There are more than 14 soluble and transmembrane proteins derived from the NRG1 gene. Proteolytic processing of the extracellular domain of the transmembrane NRG1 isoforms release soluble growth factors. These isoforms contain the heregulins (HRGs), glial growth factors (GGFs) and sensory and motor neuron-derived factor (SMDF). All these factors have the Ig and EGF-like domain, and are able to bind to ErbB3 and ErbB4 receptor tyrosin kinases. This binding stimulates erb3 and erb4 heterodimerization with erb2, promoting intrinsic kinase activity, which results in tyrosine phosphorylation. NRG1 isoforms induce the growth and differentiation of epithelial, neuronal, glial, and other types of cells.

Platelet Derived Growth Factor-CC (PDGF-CC) belongs to the PGDF family of growth factors. PDGF-CC binds with high-affinity to PDGF R-a and activates PDGF R-ab heterodimers. During development, PDGF-CC is involved in ductal morphogenesis, cardiovascular smooth muscle cell proliferation; also PDGF-CC is an angiogenic factor. Furthermore, PDGF-CC is expressed in numerous tumors and tumor cell lines, and may be linked with tumorigenesis.

PEX19 is vital for peroxisome biogenesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PEX19 is limited to the outer surface of peroxisomes in liver cells and is has a part in the early stage of peroxisome membrane assembly, prior to the import of matrix protein.

TMEFF1 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein which includes 2 follistatin modules and an EGF domain in its extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain and a short cytoplasmic tail. The extracellular domain of TMEFF1 can be released as a soluble protein. TMEFF1 is primarily expressed in brain, but is downregulated in brain neoplasms. TMEFF1 selectively regulates nodal but not activin signaling through direct binding to the nodal co-receptor, Cripto. TMEFF inhibits NODAL and BMP signaling through neural patterning and also a possible tumor suppressor in brain cancers.

SLAMF7 belongs to the CS2 family of cell surface receptors. SLAMF7 is a single-pass type 1 membrane protein, SLAMF7 Isoform 1 mediates NK cell activation via aSH2D1A-independent extracellular signal-regulated ERK-mediated pathway. SLAMF7 functions in lymphocyteadhesion. Furthermore, SLAMF7 can exert activating of inhibitory influences on cells of the immune system depending on cellular context as well as the availability of effector proteins.

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a ligand molecule which induces apoptosis. It is a type II transmembrane protein with homology to other members of the tumor necrosis factor family.
In humans, the gene that encodes for TRAIL is located at chromosome 3q26.
TRAIL binds to the death receptors, DR4 and DR5. The process of apoptosis is caspase-8-dependent. This protein preferentially induces apoptosis in transformed and tumor cells, but does not appear to kill normal cells although it is expressed at a significant level in most normal tissues.

High mobility group protein HMG-I/HMG-Y (HMGA1) belongs to the non-histone chromosomal high mobility group protein (HMG) family. HMGA1 is composed of a highly conserved AT-hook DNA-binding domain which mediates binding to AT-rich sequences in the minor groove of chromosomal DNA. HMGA1 functions as an architectural chromatin-binding transcription factor modifying the conformation of DNA by modulating nuclear protein-DNA complexes. Furthermore, HMGA1 is involved in numerous cellular processes including growth regulation, viral induction of beta-IFN gene and regulation of inducible gene transcription.

Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) comprise a family of at least eighteen structurally realted proteins that are involved in a multitude of physiological and pathological cellular processes, including cell growth, differentation, angiogenesis, wound healing and tumorgenesis. The biological activities of the FGFs are mediated by a family if type I transmembrane tyrosine kinases which undergo dimerization and autophosphorylation after ligand binding. Four distinct genes encoding closely related FGF receptors, FGFR-1to -4 are known. Multiple forms of FGFR-1 to -3 are generated by alternative splicing of the mRNAs. A frequent splicing event involving FGFR-1 and -2 results in receptors containing all three Ig domains, referred to as the alpha isoform, or only IgII and IgIII, referred to as the ? isoform. Only the alpha isoform has been identified for FGFR-3 and FGFR-4. Additional splicing events for FGFR-1 to -3, involving the C-terminal half of the IgIII domain encoded by two mutually exclusive alternative exons, generate FGF receptors with alternative IgIII domains (IIIb and IIIc). A IIIa isoform which is a secreted FGF binding protein containing only the N-terminal half of the IgIII domain plus some intron sequences has also been reported for FGFR-1. Mutations in FGFR-1 to -3 have been found in patients with birth defects involving craniosynostosis.

Advanced Glycosylation End Product-Specific Receptor or RAGE is an immunoglobulin, part of the immunoglobulin transmembrane proteins family. RAGE moderates interactions between advanced glycosylation end products, also known as AGE. These signaling has a crucial part in the regulation of TNFalpha,oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetesproduction and expression. RAGE helps the translocation of ABPP (amyloid-beta peptide) through the membrane of cells to the intracellular area in the cortical neurons.

Myeloid/Lymphoid Leukemia Translocated To 11 (MLLT11) is a part of the Mixed-Lineage Leukemia protein family. MLLT11 which takes part in leukemogenesis and in the progression of severe monocytic leukemia (AML) is located on chromosome 11q23. MLLT11 which is also expressed in embryonic brain cortex is upregulated during neuronal differentiation and is taking part in the evolution of the central nervous system.

Succinate Dehydrogenase Complex Assembly Factor 2 (SDHAF2) is a mitochondrial protein required for the flavination of a succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit essential for activity of the complex. DHAF2 is necessary for insertion of FAD cofactor into SDHA, the catalytic subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). SDH is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q). SDHAF2 gene defects are the cause of hereditary paragangliomas type 2 (PGL2), otherwise known as familial non-chromaffin paragangliomas type 2.

Eukaryotic Translation Elongation Factor 1 Gamma (EEF1G) takes part in anchoring the complex to additional cellular components. EEF1G is a multi-protein complex which is in charge of the delivery of aminoacyl-tRNAs to the ribosome. Over expression of EEF1G is linked with pancreatic cancer, due to the role of EEF1G protein in the oncogenic transformation process.

POU6F1 is a member of the POU transcription factor family. POU6F1 is transcription factor that binds favorably to a variant of the octamer motif (5'-ATGATAAT-3'). POU6F1 is exclusively expressed in the embryo in the developing brain, however in the adult its expression is confined to the brain, heart, skeletal muscle and lung. In the brain, the highest expression levels are found in specific cell layers of the cortex, the olfactory bulb, the hippocampus and the cerebellum.

PSMF1 is a protein which hinders the activation of the proteasome by the 11S and 19S regulators. The 26S proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with an extremely ordered structure composed of 2 complexes, a 20S core and a 19S regulator. The 20S core is comprised of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings are composed of 7 alpha subunits and 2 rings are composed of 7 beta subunits.

KGF-2 is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. FGF-10 exhibits mitogenic activity for keratinizing epidermal cells, but essentially no activity for fibroblasts, which is similar to the biological activity of FGF7. Studies of the mouse homolog of suggested that this gene is required for embryonic epidermal morphogenesis including brain development, lung morphogenesis, and initiation of lim bud formation. This gene is also implicated to be a primary factor in the process of wound healing.

Pleckstrin Homology Domain Containing Family F Member 2, also known as PLEKHF2, contains 1 FYVE-type zinc finger and 1 PH domain. PLEKHF2 takes part in early endosome fusion upstream of RAB5, regulates receptor trafficking and fluid-phase transport. PLEKHF2 increases cellular sensitivity to TNF-induced apoptosis.