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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a class of enzymes which charge tRNAs with their cognate amino acids. Asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase (NARS) is localized to the cytoplasm and is a member of the class II family of tRNA synthetases. The N-terminal domain characterizes the signature sequence for the eukaryotic asparaginyl-tRNA synthetases.

ALDH1A1 is part of the aldehyde dehydrogenases family.
Aldehyde dehydrogenase is the 2nd protein of the main oxidative pathway of alcohol metabolism. Cytosolic and mitochondrial are 2 main liver isoforms of ALDH that are differentiateed by their electrophoretic mobility, kinetic property, & subcellular localization. The majority of Caucasians have two main isozymes, whereas just about 50% of Orientals have only the cytosolic form, excluding the mitochondrial form. ALDH1A1 is also a member of the group of corneal crystallins that assist the transparency of the cornea.
(Retinal + NAD+ + H2O = retinoate + NADH).

Acid Phosphatase-2, also known as ACP2 is composed of two subunits, Alpha & beta, and is chemically as well as genetically distinct from red cell acid phosphatase. ACP2 belongs to a family of distinct isoenzymes which hydrolyze orthophosphoric monoesters to alcohol and phosphate. In addition, Acid phosphatase deficiency is caused by mutations in the ACP2-beta subunit as well as ACP3-alpha subunit genes.

DARS uses a 2 step reaction to catalyze the specific attachment of an amino acid to its cognate tRNA: the amino acid (AA) is first activated by ATP to form AA-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of the tRNA.

PTGES3 takes part as a cochaperone and is involved in signal transduction.
PTGES3 is a molecular chaperone that localizes to genomic response elements in a hormone-dependent manner and disrupts receptor-mediated transcriptional activation, by promoting disassembly of transcriptional regulatory complexess. PTGES3 is necessary for appropriate functioning of the glucocorticoid and other steroid receptors.
PTGES3 localizes to genomic response elements in a hormone-dependent method and disrupts receptor-mediated transcriptional activation, by promoting disassembly of transcriptional regulatory complexes.

A fusion tag called FLAG consists of eight amino acids (AspTyrLysAspAspAspAspLys) including an enterokinase-cleavage site. FLAG is specifically designed for immunoaffinity chromatography. It allows elution under non-denaturing conditions. Several antibodies against this peptide have been developed. One antibody denoted as M1 binds the peptide in the presence of bivalent metal cations preferably Ca(+). Elution is effected by chelating agents. Another strategy is competitive elution with excess of free Flag Peptide.
The FLAG peptide purifies and detects recombinant fusion proteins. FLAG peptide is useful in Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, immunoprecipitation, flow cytometry, protein purification, and in the study of protein-protein interactions, cell ultrastructure, and protein localization. Flag peptide is a hydrophilic tag which significantly improves the detection and purification of recombinant fusion proteins.

Beta-1,3-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 (B3GNT2) is a part of the beta-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase family which takes part in the synthesis of poly-N-acetyllactosamine. B3GNT2 is a type II transmembrane protein which prefers the substrate of lacto-N-neotetraose. B3GNT2 catalyzes the initiation and elongation of poly-N-acetyllactosamine chains and comprises the main polylactosamine synthase.

GCK is an enzyme that expedite the formation of glucose-6-phosphate for glucose by phosphorylation. Humans and other vertebrates have GCK in the cells of the pancreas and liver. In both organs, the enzyme has an important role in carbohydrate metabolism regulation by sensing sugar levels and acting according to the change in glucose levels, that can rise after a meal or fall during fasting. Mutations in the gene that codes for this enzyme can cause hypoglycemia or diabetes.

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Neutral endopeptidase (NEP) is an enzyme located in the cell membrane (bound to it) that is able to dissolve biologically active proteins and is expressed on the surface of lymphoid progenitors, human podocytes, syncytiotrophoblastic cells, and many other epithelial cells including polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

METTL1 is recognized as tRNA (guanine-N(7)-)-methyltransferase that is a part of the methyltransferase superfamily. METTL1 displays high sequence similarity to yeast ORF YDL201w and can be inactivated by phosphorylation. METTL1 protein has a conserved S-adenosylmethionine-binding motif and ccatalyzes the formation of N(7)-methylguanine at position 46 (m7G46) in tRNA.

MMP-3 enzyme is also known as Stromelysin-1or as Transin-1 which hydrolyzes natural collagen at physiological pH and temperature. It dissolves the intervertebral nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus of Herniated Lumbar Intervertebral Disk . MMP-3 hydrolyzes components of the extracellular matrix like proteoglycan, laminin, fibronectin, gelatin and collagen types III, IV and IX. It also activates pro-MMP-9 and pro-MMP-8 and superactivates plasmin activated MMP-1. MMP-3 is secreted as a latent proenzyme and is activated by a variety of proteinases, e.g. plasmin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, cathepsin G or human neutrophil elastase. MMP-3 was found to be capable of activating the precursor of IL1-beta.

Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C4 or AKR1C4 is a part of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily that has more then 40 known proteins & enzymes. AKR1C4 catalyzes the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols with NADH and/or NADPH as cofactors. AKR1C4 takes place in the bioreduction of chlordecone, a toxic organochlorine pesticide, to chlordecone alcohol in the liver tissue.

Scavenger mRNA-decapping enzyme (DCPS) is a member of the HIT family. DCPS is required for the complete degradation of mRNAs, both in normal mRNA turnover and in nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. It was shown that DCPS hydrolyzes the residual m7GpppN cap structure after the complete 3'–5' degradation of the mRNA by the exosome. Furthermore, DCPS releases m7GMP and is incapable of cleaving cap structures attached to a long RNA chain.

Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, thus committing glucose to the glycolytic pathway. Hexokinase 2 is the predominant form found in skeletal muscle. It localizes to the outer membrane of mitochondria. Expression of this gene is insulin-responsive, and studies in rat suggest that it is involved in the increased rate of glycolysis seen in rapidly growing cancer cells.

NAT1 is a member of the arylamine N-acetyltransferase family. NAT1 catalyzes N- or O-acetylation of heterocyclic and arylamine substrates in the detoxification of a large number of drugs. Several alleles triggering high levels of N-acetyltransferase activity were linked to colon and urinary bladder cancers, since NAT1 also bioactivate numerous known carcinogens. NAT1 aids metabolize drugs and other xenobiotics, and takes part in the detoxification of a plethora of hydrazine and arylamine drugs.

ENO3 is one of three enolase isoenzymes in mammals. The homodimer ENO3 is located in skeletal muscle cells of adults and has a part in converting phosphoglyceric acid to phosphenolpyruvic acid in the glycolytic pathway. Mutations in ENO3 gene is linked to metabolic myopathies which is caused by low stability of the enzyme.

ST6GAL1 also known as ST6 Beta-Galactosamide Alpha-2,6-Sialyltranferase 1, is part of the glycosyltransferase family 29. ST6GAL1 is a type II membrane protein which catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to galactose-containing substrates. Furthermore, ST6GAL1 is normally found in the Golgi however it can be proteolytically processed to a soluble form, ST6GAL1 is also involved in the generation of the cell-surface carbohydrate determinants as well differentiation antigens HB-6, CD75, and CD76.

DPP4 also called adenosine deaminase complexing protein-2, and T-cell activation antigen CD26 is a serine exopeptidase and complex enzyme that is expressed on the surface of most cell types. DPPIV is an intrinsic membrane glycoprotein and a serine exopeptidase that cleaves X-proline dipeptides from the N-terminus of polypeptides. DPP4 plays a role in t-cell activation. DPP4 is associated with intracellular signal transduction, apoptosis and involved in tumor biology. There are at least 63 substrates which can bind specifically to DPP4 enzyme including growth factors, chemokines, neuro peptides. Furthermore, DPP4 plays a major role in glucose metabolism by cleaving incretins such as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and GLP-1.

Phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase 2 mitochondrial (FARS2) is a member of the class II aminoacyl- tRNA synthetase family. FARS2 is a mitochondrial matrix protein. FARS2 when acting as a monomer, catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of L-phenylalanine and tRNA (Phe) to L-phenlalanyltRNA (Phe), an event which is vital for proper translation and protein expression.

IMPDH2 is a member of the IMPDH/GMPR family. IMPDH2 catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidation of inosine-5'-monophosphate into xanthine-5'-monophosphate, which is afterward converted into guanosine-5'-monophosphate. IMPDH2 is the rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo guanine nucleotide biosynthesis. IMPDH2 is consequently involved in maintaining cellular guanine deoxy- and ribonucleotide pools required for DNA and RNA synthesis. In addition, IMPDH1 and IMPDH2 are targets for the important immunosuppressive drug, MPA. Furthermore, the IMPDH2 gene is up-regulated in some neoplasms, suggesting it may have a role in malignant transformation.

GADD45GIP1 is a nuclear protein which takes part in apoptosis control. GADD45GIP1 is expressed in several tissues, such as heart, thyroid, trachea, kidney, ovary, pancreas, testis and stomach and acts as a negative regulator of G1 to S phase cell cycle production by collaborating with GADD45 proteins to inhibit the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases.

GLUL catalyzes the synthesis of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia. Glutamine is a major source of energy and that takes part in cell proliferation, inhibition of apoptosis, and cell signaling. GLUL is expressed during early fetal stages, and has a role in maintaining body pH by removing ammonia from circulation. Mutations in GLUL gene are related with congenital glutamine deficiency.

Glycine-N-Acyltransferase-Like 2 (GLYATL2) is a part of the glycine N-acyltransferase family expressed mainly in salivary gland and trachea. GLYATL2 is a mitochondrial acyltransferase that transfers the acyl group to the N-terminus of glycine. GLYATL2 conjugates numerous substrates, like arachidonoyl-CoA and saturated medium and longchain acyl-CoAs ranging from chain-length C8:0-CoA to C18:0-CoA, to form a variety of N-acylglycines. GLYATL2 also shows a preference for monounsaturated fatty acid oleoyl-CoA (C18:1-CoA) as an acyl donor.