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Oncostatin M is a member of a cytokine family that includes leukemia-inhibitory factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin 6. This gene encodes a growth regulator which inhibits the proliferation of a number of tumor cell lines. It regulates cytokine production, including IL-6, G-CSF and GM-CSF from endothelial cells.

GCSF is a cytokine that controls the production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes. The active protein is found extracellularly. Three transcript variants encoding three different isoforms have been found for this gene. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factors are cytokines that act in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and the monocytes-macrophages. This csf induces granulocytes.

A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores.

Mps one binder kinase activator-like 3 (MOBKL3) is a member of the MOB1/Phocein family and is phosphorylated on serine residues. MOBKL3 is usually linked with membranes but can be present in the cytosol, where it behaves as a protein complex. MOBKL3 is the major partner of the striatin family members, which are scaffolding proteins involved in signaling and trafficking.

MAGEA5 belongs to the MAGEA gene family which encodes proteins with 50 to 80% sequence identity to each other. The promoters and first exons of the MAGEA genes are variable, which signify that the presence of this gene family enables the same role to be expressed under diverse transcriptional controls. The MAGEA genes are clustered at chromosomal location Xq28. They are associated with several hereditary disorders, like dyskeratosis congenita. MAGEA5 gene encodes a protein which is C-terminally truncated compared to other family members, and can be alternatively interpreted to be a pseudogene.

Calcipressin-3 (RCAN3) takes part in central nervous system development. RCAN3 inhibits calcineurin-dependent transcriptional responses by binding to the catalytic domain of calcineurin A. Overexpression of calcipressin-3 results in inhibition of calcineurin activity towards the nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) transcription factors and also downregulates NFAT-dependent cytokine gene expression in activated Jurkat T-cells. Highest expression takes place s in heart, skeletal muscle kidney, liver and peripheral blood leukocytes.

Porphobilinogen deaminase (HMBS) belongs to the hydroxymethylbilane synthase superfamily. HMBS is a cytoplasmic enzyme found in the heme synthesis pathway. HMBS is the 3rd enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway and catalyzes the head to tail condensation of 4 porphobilinogen molecules into the linear hydroxymethylbilane. HMBS gene mutations cause errors in pyrrole metabolism which in turn lead to the autosomal dominant disease acute intermittent porphyria.

SNUPN is a nuclear import adaptor protein which is part of the Snurportin family.
SNUPN is Localized to the cytoplasm and nucleus and contains an N-terminal IBB domain and a trimethylguanosine (m3G)-cap binding domain. SNUPN binds specifically the terminal 2,2,7-m3G-cap at the 5'' end of U snRNPs and is involved in transport of U snRNPs into the nucleus through an association with Importin β.

The signal sequence receptor (SSR) is a glycosylated endoplasmic reticulum membrane receptor related with protein translocation across the ER membrane. The SSR consists of 2 subunits, a 34-kD glycoprotein (alpha-SSR or SSR1) and a 22-kD glycoprotein (beta-SSR or SSR2). The human beta-signal sequence receptor gene (SSR2) maps to chromosome bands 1q21-q23. Diseases correlated with SSR2 include calcaneonavicular coalition, and osteosarcoma, and among its related super-pathways are Viral mRNA Translation and Generic Transcription Pathway.

V-Ets Avian Erythroblastosis Virus E26 Oncogene 2 (ETS2) is a transcription factor that regulates genes involved in development and apoptosis. ETS2 is also a protooncogene which takes part in regulation of telomerase. ETS2 protein’s pseudogene is located on the X chromosome.

C16ORF53 is a component of a Set1-like multiprotein histone methyltransferase complex. C16ORF53 interacts with PAXIP1/PTIP; this interaction is direct and is necessary for the association with the rest of the PTIP complex. The C16ORF53 protein has a crucial role in maintaining genome stability, condensation of chromatin and progression through mitosis.

TCL1A (T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1A) is a protein with a possible role in intracellular regulation of T cell signaling. TCL1A enhances cell proliferation, stabilizes mitochondrial membrane potential and promotes cell survival. TCL1A is restricted in the T-cell lineage to immature thymocytes and activated peripheral lymphocytes. TCL1A is preferentially expressed early in T and B-lymphocyte differentiation. Chromosomal anomalies activating TCL1A are found in chronic T-cell leukemias (T-CLL).
TCL1A enhances the phosphorylation and activation of AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3. TCL1A promotes nuclear translocation of AKT1. TCL1A binds to the pleckstrin homology domain of Akt (protein kinase B) family proteins, which facilitates Akt dimerization and activity. By increasing Akt activity, TCL1A can enhance the serine/threonine phosphorylation of major Akt signaling substrates, for example Ikk complex, mTOR, BAD, p70S6 kinase, FOXO transcription factors and GSK3b. These substrates regulate cellular differentiation, growth, survival, and metabolism.

GADD45B is part of the nuclear proteins to interact with various proteins whose transcript levels are raised after stressful growth arrest conditions and treatment with DNA-damaging agents. GADD45B reacts to environmental stresses by mediating activation of the p38/JNK pathway which is mediated through their protein binding and activating MTK1/MEKK4 kinase, which is an upstream activator of both p38 and JNK MAPKs. GADD45B is involved in the regulation of growth and apoptosis. GADD45b takes part during chondrocyte terminal differentiation and mediates MMP-13 gene expression. GADD45 in B cells is induced by CD40 via a mechanism that involves NF-kappa B and that induction suppresses Fas-mediated killing. GADD45b is down-regulated in most cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and is a molecular marker in the diagnosis of HCC and as a possible therapeutic target.

Cytokeratin 14 is a member of the keratin family, the most diverse group of intermediate filaments. Cytokeratin 14 is a type I keratin, is usually found as a heterotetramer with two keratin 5 molecules, a type II keratin. Together they form the cytoskeleton of epithelial cells. Mutations in the genes for these keratins are associated with epidermolysis bullosa simplex. At least one pseudogene has been identified at 17p12-p11.

TYRO3 Protein Tyrosine Kinase or TYRO3 is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase. TYRO3 has crucial role in essential processes such as cell migration, actin reorganization and cell survival. It is activated and signaled by MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT that expedites the cellular functions of protein.

The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with an extremely organized ring-shaped 20S core structure. The core structure consists of 4 rings of 28 non-identical subunits; 2 rings consist of 7 alpha subunits and 2 rings consist of 7 beta subunits. Proteasomes are spread all over the eukaryotic cells in large quantities and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent procedure in a non-lysosomal pathway. A vital role of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteasome, is the handling of class I MHC peptides.

Malignant T cell amplified sequence 1 (MCTS1) is an Anti-oncogene which takes part in cell cycle regulation by means of decreasing cell doubling time and encouraging-dependent growth and also by shorting the duration of G1 transit time and G1/S transition. MCTS1 also plays a role as translation enhancer. MCTS1 recruits the density-regulated protein/DENR and binds to the cap complex of the 5'-terminus of mRNAs, thereupon altering the mRNA translation profile; Up-regulates protein levels of BCL2L2, TFDP1, MRE11A, CCND1 and E2F1, while mRNA levels remains constant.

DNA repair protein complementing XP-A cells, (XPA), is a member of the XPA family. XPA protein takes a part in DNA excision repair. It Inductees repair by binding to damaged sites with different affinities depending on the photoproduct and the transcriptional state of the region. Defects in XPA is the reason of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XP-A), which is infrequent human autosomal recessive disease which characterized by solar sensitivity, high predisposition for developing cancers on areas exposed to sunlight, also may cause to neurological abnormalities.

Ring Finger Protein 34 (RNF34) has E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. RNF34 has a RINF finger, a motif recognized to be involved in protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. RNF34 regulates the levels of CASP8 and CASP10 by targeting them for proteasomal degradation. In addition, RNF34 protects cells against apoptosis induced by TNF. RNF34 also binds phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphateand phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Alternatively splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.

KRT20 is a member of the keratin family. The keratins are intermediate filament proteins responsible for the structural integrity of epithelial cells and are subdivided into cytokeratins and hair keratins. The type I cytokeratins consist of acidic proteins which are arranged in pairs of heterotypic keratin chains. This cytokeratin is a major cellular protein of mature enterocytes and goblet cells and is specifically expressed in the gastric and intestinal mucosa. The type I cytokeratin genes are clustered in a region of chromosome 17q12-q21.

Adiponectin (247amino acids) is adipocyte complement-related protein of 30 kDa and exclusively expressed in differentiated adipocytes. APM-1 (Acrp30 Mouse) is a member of the complement factor C1q family and consists of signal sequence, Non-homologous sequence, collagen domain and domain (gAcrp30).
Adiponectin expression is reduced in a variety of obese and insulin-resistant states in human, monkeys and mice. Injection of Acrp30 Mouse (247aa) or gAcrp30 (globular domain) lowers serum glucose and free fatty acid level in mice.

C3b is derived from native C3 upon cleavage with the alternative pathway C3 convertase and release of C3a. C3b is essential to the function of all 3complement pathways. Initiation of each pathway generates proteolytic enzyme complexes (C3 convertases) which binds the target surface. These enzymes cleave a peptide bond in C3 releasing the anaphylatoxin C3a and activating C3b. Most of the C3b created during complement activation. Surface-bound C3b is needed in all 3 pathways for effective activation of C5 and formation of C5b-9 complexes which lyse the target cell membrane. Surface-bound C3b and its breakdown products iC3b and C3d are identifyid by various receptors on lymphoid and phagocytic cells which use the C3b ligand to stimulate antigen presentation to cells of the adaptive immune system. It results in an expansion of target-specific B-cell and T-cell populations.

MYC Induced Nuclear Antigen, also known as MINA is an oxygenase which can function both as a histone lysine demethylase and a ribosomal histidine hydroxylase. MINA is involved in the demethylation of trimethylated Lys-9 on histone H3 (H3K9me3), leading to an increase in ribosomal RNA expression. MINA also catalyzes the hydroxylation of 60S ribosomal protein L27a on His-39. In addition, MINA plays a significant role in cell growth and survival. MINA is implicated in ribosome biogenesis, probably in the duration of the assembly process of pre-ribosomal particles.

MAGEA6 belongs to the MAGEA family, which directs the expression of tumor antigens which are seen on a human melanoma by autologous cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL). Members of the MAGEA family encode proteins with 50 to 80% sequence identity to each other. The MAGE genes, which are clustered at chromosomal location Xq28, were originally isolated from separate kinds of tumors, and based on their practically exclusive tumor-specific expression in adult tissues; they are objects for cancer immunotherapy. MAGEA genes’ promoters and first exons exhibit substantial variability, implying that the existence of the MAGEA gene family enables the same function to be expressed under different transcriptional controls. MAGEA genes are implicated in several hereditary disorders, such as dyskeratosis congenita.