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Zika virus (ZIKV) belongs to the family Flaviviridae and the genus Flavivirus, it is transmitted by daytime-active Aedes mosquitoes, such as A. aegypti and A. albopictus. The Zika virus is related to the dengue, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, and West Nile viruses. Much like the other flaviviruses, Zika virus is enveloped and icosahedral and has a nonsegmented, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. Zika fever is an infection, which often causes no symptoms or only mild ones, like a mild form of dengue fever, and it is treated by rest. As of February 2016, there has been mounting evidence that Zika fever in pregnant women can cause abnormal brain development in their fetuses by mother-to-child transmission, which may result in miscarriage or microcephaly, however it is not yet known whether Zika virus causes microcephaly. Furthermore, a connection has been established with neurologic conditions in infected adults, including Guillain–Barre syndrome. Since the 1950s, Zika virus has been detected only within a narrow equatorial belt from Africa to Asia. Between the years 2013 and 2014, Zika virus has spread eastward across the Pacific Ocean to French Polynesia, New Caledonia, the Cook Islands, and Easter Island, and in 2015 to Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America, where the Zika outbreak has reached pandemic levels.

Receptors across the cell membrane interact with some viral glycoproteins therefor enabling HSV to enter the host cell. The HSV enter through pores created by the binding of particular receptors across the cell membrane with the virus's coating envelope, following by a fusion of the HSV and the host cell. HSV enters the host cell through the same mechanism and stages as other viruses do. Initially, matching receptors across the virus's envelope and host cell's membrane interacts and bring the two together. During the transitional stage, begins fusion between the host cell and virus (hemifusion state). The closing stage happens when a steady pore was made; through these pores the virus's particles enter the cell.

Serpin Peptidase Inhibitor, Clade B Member 8 (SERPINB8) belongs to the ov-serpin subfamily, which, compared with the archetypal serpin PI1, is characterized by a high degree of homology to chicken ovalbumin, absence of N- and C-terminal extensions, lack of a signal peptide, and a serine instead of an asparagine residue at the penultimate position. The superfamily of high molecular weight serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins) control various intracellular and extracellular processes such as complement activation, fibrinolysis, coagulation, cellular differentiation, tumor suppression, apoptosis, and cell migration.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11 (CXCL11) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also called Interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC) and Interferon-gamma-inducible protein 9 (IP-9). It is highly expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes, pancreas and liver, with moderate levels in thymus, spleen and lung and low expression levels were in small intestine, placenta and prostate. Gene expression of CXCL11 is strongly induced by IFN-g and IFN-b, and weakly induced by IFN-a. This chemokine elicits its effects on its target cells by interacting with the cell surface chemokine receptor CXCR3, with a higher affinity than do the other ligands for this receptor, CXCL9 and CXCL10. CXCL11 is chemotactic for activated T cells. Its gene is located on human chromosome 4 along with many other members of the CXC chemokine family.

Batroxobin is a serin protease that reduces fibronogen levels and is originally extracted from snake venom of Bothrops Atrox. Batroxobin is used in defibrinogenation and thrombolysis and also has an effect on c-fos gene and growth factor.
Batroxobin can efficiently restrain proliferation of VSMCs, by blocking the release and uptake of Ca2+, thus influencing [Ca2+]i.
Batroxobin converts fibrinogen to fibrin through the restricted release of fibrinopeptide-A from fibrinogen to promote blood to clot. Unlike thrombin, it is not affected by heparin and hirudin.

SYT13 belongs to the great synaptotagmin protein family which contain 2 domains: cytoplasmic C terminus with two tandem C2 domains (C2A and C2B) and extracellular N-terminal transmembrane domain. Synaptotogmin family members have dissimilar biochemical properties and developmental profiles, and patterns of tissue distribution. Additionally, Synaptotogmins formulate homo- and heteromeric complexes with each other. Synaptotagmins operate as membrane traffickers in multicellular organisms.

Tachykinin-3 belongs to the substance P-related tachykinin family. Tachykinins are active peptides that stimulate neurons, induce behavioral responses, are effective vasodilators and secretagogues, and contract (directly or indirectly) many smooth muscles. TAC3 and its receptor are essential switches of regulator of human puberty, regulated by the brain through the release of the GnRH which starts a chain of processes which eventually lead to the production of sex hormones.
During pregnancy, the expression of TAC3 is restricted to the outer syncytiotrophoblast of the placenta, significant concentrations of TAC3 can be identified in plasma as early as week 9, and plasma concentrations of TAC3 are grossly elevated in pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia. Higher Tachykinin-3 concentrations in normotensive pregnant women may be caused by the advanced gestational age and/or the result of a negative interaction of other vasoactive substances. TAC3 has a role in the continuance of high placental blood flow in normal pregnancy.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that was previously called GRO1 oncogene, Neutrophil-activating protein 3 (NAP-3) and melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha (MSGA-a). It is secreted by human melanoma cells, has mitogenic properties and is implicated in melanoma pathogenesis. CXCL1 is expressed by macrophages, neutrophils and epithelial cells, and has neutrophil chemoattractant activity. CXCL1 plays a role in spinal cord development by inhibiting the migration of oligodendrocyte precursors and is involved in the processes of angiogenesis, inflammation, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. This chemokine elicits its effects by signaling through the chemokine receptor CXCR2. The gene for CXCL1 is located on human chromosome 4 amongst genes for other CXC chemokines.

RAC2 is a small signaling G protein/GTPase which is part of the RAS superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins which regulate cell growth, actin cytoskeletal organization, cell proliferation, survival, cell cycle progression, gene transcription rgulation and the activation of protein kinases. RAC2 cycles between an active gtp-bound and inactive gdp-bound state. In active state, RAC2 binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses, such as secretory processes, phagocytose of apoptotic cells and epithelial cell polarization. RAC2 is involved in the regulation of the nadph oxidase.

RANKL binds to tnfrsf11b/opg and to tnfrsf11a/rank. Osteoclast differentiation and activation factor. Augments the ability of dendritic cells to stimulate naive t-cell proliferation. May be an important regulator of interactions between t-cells and dendritic cells and may play a role in the regulation of the t-cell-dependent immune response. sRANKL may also play an important role in enhanced bone-resorption in humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy.

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a chemokine produced by macrophages and other cell types such as epithelial cells. IL8 is also synthesized by endothelial cells, which store IL-8 in their storage vesicles, the Weibel-Palade bodies.When first encountering an antigen, the primary cells to encounter it are the macrophages who phagocytose the particle. Upon processing, they release chemokines to signal other immune cells to come in to the site of inflammation. IL-8 is one such chemokine. It serves as a chemical signal that attracts neutrophils at the site of inflammation, and therefore is also known as Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor.

Pellino E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase Family Member 2, also known as PELI2 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase which catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins. PELI2 is implicated in the TLR and IL-1 signaling pathways through interaction with the complex which contain IRAK kinases and TRAF6. PELI2 also mediates IL1B-induced IRAK1 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination and possibly 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitination. PELI2 is significant for LPS- and IL1B-induced MAP3K7-dependent, however not for MAP3K3-dependent, NF-kappa-B activation. Moreover, PELI2 can activate the MAP (mitogen activated protein) kinase pathway directing to activation of ELK1.

LYVE-1 has been identified as a major receptor for HA (extracellular matrix glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan) on the lymph vessel wall. The deduced amino acid sequence of LYVE-1 predicts a 322-residue type I integral membrane polypeptide 41% similar to the CD44 HA receptor with a 212-residue extracellular domain containing a single Link module the prototypic HA binding domain of the Link protein superfamily. Like CD44, the LYVE-1 molecule binds both soluble and immobilized HA. However, unlike CD44, the LYVE-1 molecule colocalizes with HA on the luminal face of the lymph vessel wall and is completely absent from blood vessels. Hence, LYVE-1 is the first lymph-specific HA receptor to be characterized and is a uniquely powerful marker for lymph vessels themselves.

B-cell CLL/lymphoma 7A (BCL7A) is a member of the BCL7 family. BCL7A is directly involved, with Myc and IgH, in a three-way gene translocation in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line. Thru gene translocation, the N-terminal region of the BCL7A gene is disrupted, which is assumed to be connected to the pathogenesis of a subset of high-grade B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The N-terminal portion involved in the translocation includes the region which shares a compelling sequence similarity with those of BCL7B and BCL7C. Chromosomal anomalies involving BCL7A may be a cause of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL7) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family. It is a protein that is released in large amounts from platelets following their activation. It stimulates various processes including mitogenesis, synthesis of extracellular matrix, glucose metabolism and synthesis of plasminogen activator.

CD276, belongs to the B7 family of immunoregulatory transmembrane glycoproteins expressed by T cells. CD276 is a costimulatory molecule for T cell activation in addition to IFN-gamma production. Furthermore, CD276 upregulates BRCC3 expression, preventing DNA defects caused by 5-Fu. CD276 is correlated with TNM stage of NSCLC and act as a potential biomarker for NSCLC-derived MPEs. CD276 inhibits natural-killer mediated cell lysis in tumor cells, and act as a marker for detection of neuroblastoma cells. CD276 is implicated in the development of acute as well as chronic transplant rejection and in the regulation of lymphocytic activity at mucosal surfaces. In addition, CD276 provides the placenta & fetus a proper immunological environment during the course of pregnancy.

SARS Coronavirus is an enveloped virus containing three outer structural proteins, namely the membrane (M), envelope (E), and spike (S) proteins. Spike (S)-glycoprotein of the virus interacts with a cellular receptor and mediates membrane fusion to allow viral entry into susceptible target cells. Accordingly, S-protein plays an important role in virus infection cycle and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies.
It has recently been shown that SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) is caused by a human coronavirus. Human coronaviruses are the major cause of upper respiratory tract illness, such as the common cold, in humans. Coronaviruses are positive-stranded RNA viruses, featuring the largest viral RNA genomes known to date (27-31 kb). The first step in coronavirus infection is binding of the viral spike protein, a 139-kDa protein, to certain receptors on host cells. The spike protein is the main surface antigen of the coronavirus. The glycosilated spike protein (as well as the nucleocapsid protein) can be detected in infected cell culture supernatants with antisera from SARS patients.

The cytokine IL-1 alpha or hematopoietin 1 is a member to the interleukin 1 family, encoded by the IL1A gene in humans. Essentially Il-1 is in charge of inflammation and the rising of fever and sepsis. In order to disturb the mentioned processes and treatment for diseases, inhibitors for Interleukin 1 alpha are being developed. Neutrophils and macrophages are the main activators of IL-1 alpha, as well as endothelial and epithelial cells. By binding to the il1 receptor it is a major part in the immune response regulation. In the activation process of tumor necrosis factor-alpha the IL1A has a part as well, and has physiological, metabolic and hematopoietic activities.

Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM1) induces susceptibility to atherosclerosis. PECAM1 averts phagocyte ingestion of closely apposed viable cells by transmitting detachment signals, and transforms function upon apoptosis, thus promoting tethering of dying cells to phagocytes. The encounter of a viable cell with a phagocyte via the homophilic interaction of PECAM1 on both cell surfaces as a result causing the viable cell's active repulsion from the phagocyte.

Luciferase is a general term for the class of oxidative enzymes used in bioluminescence and is distinct from a photoprotein. Luciferase catalyzes a bioluminescent reaction which involves the substrate luciferin as well as Mg2+ and ATP, produces green light with a wavelength of 562 nm. Luciferase from firefly is broadly used as a reporter for studying gene regulation and function, and for pharmaceutical screening.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA bacterium also be referred to as multiply-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, ORSA, evolved the ability to survive treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillin, methicillin, and cephalosporins. Common strains of MRSA are EMRSA15 and EMRSA16.EMRSA16 is best described epidemiologically & found to be identical to the ST36:USA200 strain. Under the new international typing system, ST36:USA200 strain is now called MRSA252. It is not entirely certain why this strain has become so successful, whereas previous strains have failed to persist. One explanation is the characteristic pattern of antibiotic susceptibility. Both the EMRSA15 and EMRSA16 strains are resistant to erythromycinand ciprofloxacin. It is known that Staphylococcus aureus can survive intracellularly, and these are precisely the antibiotics that best penetrate intracellularly; it may be that these strains of S. aureus are therefore able to exploit an intracellular niche. Most cases of CA-MRSA are caused by a CC8 strain designated ST8:USA300, which carries mec type IV, Panton-Valentine leukocidin, PSM-alpha and enterotoxins Q and K,and ST8:USA400. Other community-associated strains of MRSA are ST8:USA500 and ST59:USA1000.

BDNF promotes the survival of neuronal populations that are all located either in the central nervous system or directly connected to it. Major regulator of synaptic transmission and plasticity at adult synapses in many regions of the cns. the versatility of bdnf is emphasized by its contribution to a range of adaptive neuronal responses including long-term potentiation (ltp), long-term depression (ltd), certain forms of short-term synaptic plasticity, as well as homeostatic regulation of intrinsic neuronal excitability.

CD21 is expressed strongly on mature B cells, follicular dentritic cells and weakly on immature thymocytes and T lymphocytes. In B-cell ontogeny, CD21 appears after the pre-B-stage, is maintained during peripheral B-cell development and is lost upon terminal differentiation into plasma cells. CD21 expression is also gradually lost after stimulation of B cells in vitro. CD21 functions as receptor for C3d, C3dg and iC3b Complement components, for EBV and for IFNalpha. CD21 binds to CD23 and associates with CD19, CD81 and Leu13 to form a large signal-transduction complex involved in B cell activation.

ReoVirus belongs to the RNA virus family of Reoviridae. The virions of reoviruses lack an outer envelope and show spheroidal. They measure approximately 70 nanometres and have two icosahedral capsids. Reoviruses enclose a core of segmented, double-stranded RNA virus and are a non-pathogenic naturally occurring virus. Approximately 100% of the population demonstrate signs of a previous reovirus infection, normally confined to the gastrointestinal or respiratory systems in the body. Reovirus particularly targets cells with a highly activated Ras signaling pathway and hence is a potent cancer killer.