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Elongin B (Elob) is a subunit of the transcription factor B (SIII) complex. SIII complex is a general transcription elongation factor that increases the RNA polymerase II transcription elongation past template-encoded arresting sites. The SIII complex comprised of a transcriptionally active subunit (A) and 2 regulatory subunits (B and C). Subunit A is transcriptionally active and its transcription activity is enhanced by binding to the dimeric complex of the SIII regulatory subunits B and C. The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein binds to elongin B and C and inhibits transcription elongation.

Twisted gastrulation Protein (TSG) is a secreted, cysteine-rich protein which has a role in dorsal/ventral patterning in Drosophila and Xenopus by regulating BMP signaling. TSG functions as an agonist for BMP signaling by controlling the inhibitory actions of the BMP antagonist, Chordin/Sog, and the cleavage properties of the metalloprotease, xolloid/tolloid. TSG N-terminal domain binds BMP protein directly and displays BMP antagonist activity.

TNFRSF14, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, is a type I transmembrane protein. TNFRSF14 is expressed in peripheral blood T cells, B cells, monocytes and in various tissues enriched in lymphoid cells. TNFRSF14 operates as a co-stimulatory factor for the activation of lymphoid cells and as a deterrent to infection by herpesvirus. Additionally, TNFRSF14 encourages the proliferation of T cells, and triggers apoptosis of various tumor cells.

TNFRSF14, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, is a type I transmembrane protein. TNFRSF14 is expressed in peripheral blood T cells, B cells, monocytes and in various tissues enriched in lymphoid cells. TNFRSF14 operates as a co-stimulatory factor for the activation of lymphoid cells and as a deterrent to infection by herpesvirus. Additionally, TNFRSF14 encourages the proliferation of T cells, and triggers apoptosis of various tumor cells.

Gamma-glutamylaminecyclotransferase (A2LD1) is an enzyme which converts gamma-glutamylamines to free amines and 5-oxoproline. A2LD1 demonstrates high activity toward gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysine, derived from the breakdown of fibrin and other proteins cross-linked by transglutaminases. A2LD1 assists in the proteolytic degradation of crosslinked fibrin by breaking down isodipeptide L-gamma-glutamyl-L-epsilon-lysine, which is a byproduct of fibrin degradation. The reaction catalyzed by the A2LD1 produces 5-oxo-L-proline and a free alkylamine.

Adiponectin, also referred to as Acrp30, AdipoQ and GBP-28, is a recently discovered 244 amino acid protein, the product of the apM1 gene, which is physiologically active and specifically and highly expressed in adipose cells (Adipokine). The protein belongs to the soluble defense collagen super family; it has a collagen-like domain structurally homologous with collagen VIII and X and complement factor C1q-like globular domain. APM-1 forms homotrimers, which are the building blocks for higher order complexes found circulating in serum.

NMNAT1 enzyme is vital for NAD biosynthesis, catalyzing the condensation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) with the AMP moiety of ATP to form NAD or NaAD. NMNAT1 is widely expressed with high levels in skeletal muscle, heart, liver and kidney. This protein appears to have the ability to protect against axonal degeneration following mechanical or toxic insults.

Bcl-2–associated X protein (Bax) belongs to the Bcl-2 protein family. Bax is a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein containing BH1, BH2 and BH3 domains. Bax accelerates programmed cell death by binding to, and antagonizing the apoptosis repressor bcl2 or its adenovirus homolog e1b 19k protein. Bax induces the release of cytochrome c, activation of casp3, and thereby apoptosis. Bax is expressed in a wide variety of tissues, with highest levels in the testis and ovary. Tumor suppressor protein p53 upregulates the expression of BAX. Bax has been shown to be involved in p53-mediated apoptosis.

Nth endonuclease III-like protein 1 (NTHL1) is one of the enzymes which act on a large number of oxidatively damaged DNA sites. NTHL1 has an apurinic and/or apyrimidinic endonuclease activity and a DNA N-glycosylase activity. NTHL1 acts on a damaged strand, 5' from the damaged site and incises damaged DNA at cytosines, thymines and guanines.

Nucleopurin 62kDa (NUP62) belongs to the FG-repeat containing nucleoporins and is localized to the nuclear pore central plug. Nucleoporins are the principal components of the nuclear pore complex in eukaryotic cells. This complex is a colossal structure which extends across the nuclear envelope, forming an entryway that regulates the stream of macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. NUP62 associates with the importin alpha/beta complex that is involved in the import of proteins containing nuclear localization signals. Defects in the NUP62 are the cause of SNDI (infantile striatonigral degeneration), aka infantile bilateral striatal necrosis (IBSN) or familial striatal degeneration.

TUBG1 belongs to the tubulin superfamily. TUBG1 localizes to the centrosome and binds to microtubules to create the gamma-tubulin ring complex. TUBG1 facilitates the microtubule nucleation and is essential for microtubule formation and progression of the cell cycle.

TXNRD1 belongs to the selenium-containing pyridine nucleotide-disulphide oxidoreductase family, which has a conserved catalytic site of Cys-Val-Asn-Val-Gly-Cys. TXNRD1 decreases thioredoxins as well as other substrates, and participates in selenium metabolism and protection against oxidative stress. Inhibition of TXNRD1 activity serves as a potential treatment for cancer, AIDS and other autoimmune diseases as well as bacterial infections and parasitic diseases.

CNTF is a polypeptide hormone whose actions appear to be restricted to the nervous system where it promotes neurotransmitter synthesis and neurite outgrowth in certain neuronal populations. The protein is a potent survival factor for neurons and oligodendrocytes and may be relevant in reducing tissue destruction during inflammatory attacks. A mutation in this gene, which results in aberrant splicing, leads to ciliary neurotrophic factor deficiency, but this phenotype is not causally related to neurologic disease. In addition to the predominant monocistronic transcript originating from this locus, the gene is also co-transcribed with the upstream ZFP91 gene. Co-transcription from the two loci results in a transcript that contains a complete coding region for the zinc finger protein but lacks a complete coding region for ciliary neurotrophic factor.
CNTF is a survival factor for various neuronal cell types. Seems to prevent the degeneration of motor axons after axotomy.

Receptor-associated Protein (aka RAP) averts the GCM-mediated enhancement of axon growth- ApoE-containing lipoproteins which are known to bind to receptors of the LDLr superfamily. In the presence of RAP, GCM doesn’t increase the axon extension rate in relation to base medium. Furthermore, the addition of RAP to the base medium doesn’t change the rate of axon extension. This implies that the growth stimulatory effect of apoE-containing lipoproteins secreted by glial cells is mediated by the LDLr family receptors. RAP annuls the growth stimulatory effect of GCM.

CNTF is a polypeptide hormone whose actions appear to be restricted to the nervous system where it promotes neurotransmitter synthesis and neurite outgrowth in certain neuronal populations. The protein is a potent survival factor for neurons and oligodendrocytes and may be relevant in reducing tissue destruction during inflammatory attacks. A mutation in this gene, which results in aberrant splicing, leads to ciliary neurotrophic factor deficiency, but this phenotype is not causally related to neurologic disease. In addition to the predominant monocistronic transcript originating from this locus, the gene is also co-transcribed with the upstream ZFP91 gene. Co-transcription from the two loci results in a transcript that contains a complete coding region for the zinc finger protein but lacks a complete coding region for ciliary neurotrophic factor.
CNTF is a survival factor for various neuronal cell types. Seems to prevent the degeneration of motor axons after axotomy.

Inducible T-Cell Costimulator Ligand also known as ICOSLG, is part of the B7 family of co-stimulatory molecules related to B7-1 and B7-2. ICOSLG is a transmembrane glycoprotein with extracellular IgV and IgC domains, in addition it binds to ICOS on activated T cells. The dependent signaling of ICOSLG takes part in a proliferative response.

Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) antagonizes canonical Wnt signaling by inhibiting LRP5/6 interaction with Wnt and by creating a ternary complex with the transmembrane protein KREMEN which promotes internalization of LRP5/6. DKKs have a significant role in vertebrate development, where they locally inhibit Wnt controlled processes for instance antero-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis and eye formation. Furthermore, Dkks are involved in bone formation and bone disease, cancer and Alzheimer disease in Adults.

Nicotinamide Nucleotide Adenylyltransferase 2, also known as NMNAT2 is a member of the nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT) enzyme family, members of which catalyze a vital step in NAD (NADP) biosynthetic pathway. Unlike the other human family member, which is localized to the nucleus, and is ubiquitously expressed; NMNAT2 is cytoplasmic, and is predominantly expressed in the brain. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for NMNAT2. Among the diseases associated with NMNAT2 are tauopathy, and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Endoglin is a type I membrane glycoprotein located on cell surfaces and is part of the TGF beta receptor complex.
The Endoglin protein consists of a homodimer of 180 kDA with disulfide links. Endoglin has been found on endothelial cells, activated macrophages, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, Endoglin has been found to be part of the TGF-beta1 receptor complex. Endoglin thus may be involved in the binding of TGF-beta1, TGF-beta3, activin-A, BMP-2, and BMP-7. Beside TGF-beta signaling endoglin may have other functions. It has been postulated that endoglin is involved in the cytoskeletal organization affecting cell morphology and migration. Endoglin has a role in the development of the cardiovascular system and in vascular remodeling. Endoglin expression is regulated during heart development . Experimental mice without the endoglin gene die due to cardiovascular abnormalities.

GAGE12F is a member of the GAGE multigene family expressed in a large range of tumors whereas in normal tissues, his expression is restricted to germ cells. These genes are organized in clustered repeats, and have a high degree of forecasted sequence identity, however differ by scattered single nucleotide substitution. Their sequences contain either the antigenic peptide YYWPRPRRY or YRPRPRRY which is recognized by cytotoxic T-cells.

Polypeptide N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 1 (Galnt1) , is part of the UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine:polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (GalNAc-T) family of enzymes. The initial reaction in O-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis is catalyzed by Glant1, the transfer of an N-acetyl-D-galactosamine residue to a serine or threonine residue on the protein receptor. Moreover, Galnt1 is implicated in the glycosylation of proteins vital for bone formation for instance osteopontin and bone sialoprotein.

Rnase P protein, AKA rnpA, is an important enzyme consisting of the C5 protein (which encoded by rnpA) and the catalytic M1 RNA (encoded by rnpB) subunits. rnpA is ribonucleoprotein that catalyzes the removal of the 50- leader elements of precursor tRNAs and generates the mature 50-end of tRNAs. This step is critical for theformation of functional tRNA molecules in bacteria, archaea and eukarya. More importantly, it has lately been established that RNase P is essential for the endonucleolytic separation of certain polycistronic tRNA transcripts such as valV valW, leuQ leuP leuV and secG leuU. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the essential function of RNase P might be related to the complete absence of a particular tRNAthat was dependent on the enzyme for initial separation from polycistronic transcripts.

Aspartylglucosaminidase, also known as AGA, takes part in the catabolism of Nlinked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins. AGA is a protein coding gene which cleaves asparagine from N-acetylglucosamines in the lysosomal breakdown of glycoproteins.