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GADD45G is part of the nuclear proteins to interact with various proteins whose transcript levels are raised after stressful growth arrest conditions and treatment with DNA-damaging agents. GADD45G reacts to environmental stresses by mediating activation of the p38/JNK pathway which is mediated through their protein binding and activating MTK1/MEKK4 kinase, which is an upstream activator of both p38 and JNK MAPKs. GADD45G acts as a new-age tumor suppressor however is being frequently inactivated epigenetically in multiple tumors. GADD45G mRNA expression is down-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma. GADD45G causes cell cycle arrest at G2/M transition when transfected into Hep-G2 cells. GADD45 Gamma induction by androgens involves new protein synthesis. Overexpression of GADD45 Gamma inhibits cell growth and causes morphological modifications in prostate cell lines thus GADD45 gamma takes part in differentiation induction by androgens.

Lipocalin-1 (LCN1) belongs to the lipocalin family of small secretory proteins. Lipocalins are extracellular transport proteins, which bind to various hydrophobic ligands. LCN1 protein is the principal lipid binding protein in tears and is overproduced in response to numerous stimuli including infection and stress. LCN1 is a marker for chromosome aneuploidy as well as an autoantigen in Sjogren's syndrome.

CDC26 is a member of the CDC26 family which arranges progression via mitosis by enhancing cell-cycle regulators with ubiquitin chains. CDC26 is a component of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), which is a cell cycle-regulated E3 ubiquitin ligase which directs progression through mitosis and the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The APC/C complex operates by mediating ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of target proteins.

UBL5 is believed to be a reversible modulator of protein function unlike ubiquitin which is a protein degrader. UBL5 influences a nuclear phase obligatory for increasing a reaction against the risk of mitochondrial protein misfolding.

UCK1 is a uridine-cytidine kinase which catalyzes the phosphorylation of uridine and cytidine to uridine monophosphate and cytidine monophosphate. UCK1 does not phosphorylate deoxyribonucleosides or purine ribonucleosides. UCK1 is also phosphorylates uridine and cytidine analogs and uses ATP and GTP as a phosphate donor.

GroEL, HSP60 is a chaperonin located in the mitochondria which is responsible for the transportation & refolding of proteins from the cytoplasm directly into the mitochondrial matrix. GroEL is regulated by the HSP10 cochaperonin, which is a single heptameric protein ring having a molecular mass of 10 kDa which form a unique complex with HSP60. HSP10, GroES coordinates the ATPase activity of the HSP60 subunits in order to allow the release of bound polypeptide in a manner that is productive for its correct folding.

Clathrin, light chain A (CLTA) is a member of the clathrin family. Clathrin, which is a large, soluble protein, is comprised of heavy and light chains. CLTA is one of 2 clathrin light chain proteins which are supposed to function as regulatory elements. CLTA is a key cytosolic coat protein in pits and vesicles originating from the plasma membrane and the trans-Golgi network. In receptor-mediated endocytosis, receptor proteins are encapsulated by Clathrin-coated vesicles.

Reticulocalbin 3 (RCN3) belongs to the CREC (cab45/reticulocalbin/ ERC45/calumenin) family. RCN3 contains 5 Arg-Xaa-Xaa-Arg motifs, which function as target sequences of SPCs (subtilisin-like proprotein convertases), which is a family of serine endoproteases that proteolytically activate proproteins. The synthesis of PACE4 is induced by association and coexpression with RCN3.

REG protein was shown to be stimulated during the regeneration of pancreatic islets. Since then, many Reg-related proteins have been identified in humans and other animals. In human, the four REG family genes, i.e., REG 1 alpha, REG 1 beta, REG-related sequence (RS) and HIP/PAP, have so far been isolated. These Reg-related proteins are classified into four subfamilies according to their amino-acid sequences, but they share a similar structure and physiological function. Reg protein is a growth factor for pancreatic beta cells and also suggests that the administration of Reg protein could be used as another therapeutic approach for diabetes mellitus. Human REG cDNA which encodes a 166-amino acid protein with a 22-amino acid signal peptide. The amino acid sequence of human REG protein has 68% homology to that of rat Reg protein.
Reg I was found to be expressed mainly in pancreatic beta and acinoductular cells as well as gastric fundic enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. Reg I production in ECL cells is stimulated by gastrin, as well as by the proinflammatory cytokine, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-2Beta. In patients with chronic hypergastrinemia, Reg production is stimulated, with the increased proliferation of gastric mucosal cells. Patients with Helicobacter pylori infection also showed increased Reg production in the gastric mucosa, partly via increased plasma gastrin concentration and partly via increased proinflammatory cytokine production. The serum concentration of the reg-protein was significantly higher in patients with various pancreatic diseases than in normal controls, and was also significantly higher in patients with acute pancreatitis or chronic relapsing pancreatitis than in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Furthermore, the serum PSP/reg-protein concentration was also significantly increased in liver cirrhosis, choledocholithiasis, and various cancers of the digestive system.

Relaxin-3 (RLN3) belongs to the relaxin family. Relaxins are endocrine and autocrine/paracrine hormones. Relaxin, which is produced by the ovary, targets the mammalian reproductive system to ripen the cervix, elongate the pubic symphysis and inhibit uterine contraction. Unlike human Relaxins 1 and 2, Relaxin 3 does not seem to have a role in reproduction; however it is involved in stress response in the brain stem. RLN3 is the only known ligand for the G-protein-coupled receptor GPCR135, titled RXFP3. In addition, RLN3 binds the LGR7 (RXFP1) receptor, however with lower affinity than Relaxin-2. Even though binding of RLN3 to LGR7 increases intracellular cAMP, binding to GPCR135 suppresses cAMP accumulation, indicating coupling to Gi, Go, or Gz by this receptor.

Hemoglobin Subunit Zeta (Hbz) or Hba-x is a alpha-like hemoglobin and part of the globin family. The protein is expressed and produced in the the yolk sac in early stages of embryonic development. Hemoglobin subunit zeta has 2 pseudogenes and 5 functional genes.

Neuroglobin, 151 amino acid residue protein, mainly expressed in vertebrate brain and retina, is a recently identified member of the globin superfamily. Augmenting O (2) supply, neuroglobin promotes survival of neurons upon hypoxic injury, potentially limiting brain damage. Moreover, neuroglobin may be a novel oxidative stress-responsive sensor for signal transduction in the brain. Neuroglobin expression is increased by neuronal hypoxia in vitro and focal cerebral ischemia in vivo, and neuronal survival after hypoxia is reduced by inhibiting neuroglobin expression with an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide and enhanced by neuroglobin overexpression.

BETV6.0102 allergen is one of Isoflavone reductases which were found in pear, orange, apple, mango, lychee and other plants. Isoflavone reductases are plant defense proteins which induced by plant stress, e.g. high salinity, freeze or drought.

Pen a 1.0101 is a Tropomyosin and the only major allergen in brown shrimp Penaeus aztecus. The panallergen is highly conserved and soluble muscle protein. Pen a 1.0101 is has an alpha-helical homodimeric, coiled-coil structure.

Clusterin also named Apolipoprotein J (APO-J) is a 75-80 kD disulfide-linked heterodimeric protein containing about 30% of N-linked carbohydrate rich in sialic acid but truncated forms targeted to the nucleus have also been identified. The precursor polypeptide chain is cleaved proteolytically to remove the 22-mer secretory signal peptide and subsequently between residues 227/228 to generate the ? and ? chains. These are assembled in anti-parallel to give a heterodimeric molecule in which the cysteine-rich centers are linked by five disulfide bridges and are flanked by two predicted coiled-coil ? -helices and three predicted amphipathic a-helices. Across a broad range of species clusterin shows a high degree of sequence homology ranging from 70% to 80%. It is nearly ubiquitously expressed in most mammalian tissues and can be found in plasma, milk, urine, cerebrospinal fluid and semen. It is able to bind and form complexes with numerous partners such as immunoglobulins, lipids, heparin, b

Surfeit-2 (SURF2) is a member of the SURF2 family. SURF2 interacts with beta-1, 4-Gal-T3, uPAR and WDR20. SURF2 is located in the surfeit gene cluster, a group of extremely tightly linked genes that don't share sequence similarity. The SURF2 gene maps to human chromosome 9q34.2 and shares a bidirectional promoter with SURF1 that is found on the opposite strand. The intergenic region between the SURF1 and SURF2 genes is expected to have bidirectional promoter activity, as is found in mice.

LAYN, also known as Layilin, contains 1 c-type lectin domain. This protein is receptor for hyaluronate and Interacts with NF2, RDX and TLN1. The C-terminal domain interacts with the N-terminal domain of RDX.

C7 is necessary for formation of the membrane attack complex and is activated by bindingat the cell membrane to recently-formed C5b,C6 complexes. Each pathway of complement activation generates proteolytic enzyme complexes which bind the target surface. These enzymes cleave a peptide bond in the larger alpha chain of C5 releasing C5a and activating C5b. Although C5b is unstable it remains bound to the activating complex for a few minutes during which it binds a single C6 from the surrounding fluid or it decays and is no longer capable of forming MAC. The C5b,6 complex may also remain connected to the C3/C5 convertase where the binding of a single C7 exposes a membrane-binding region and C5b,6,7 can enter into the bilipid layer of the target cell.

Complement factor H (CFH) is an important regulatory component of the alternative pathway of complement. CFH is prevents complement activation on host cells and tissues, mainly the kidney. CFH controls the formation and decay of the alternative pathway C3/C5 convertase and acts as a cofactor for factor I which proteolytically inactivates C3b when C3b is bound to factor H. The N-terminal 5 domains of CFH bind to C3b and inhibit binding of factor B thus reducing the formation of C3/C5 convertase. CFH also binds to preformed C3/C5 convertases and causes quick release of the catalytic subunit Bb. These activities are necessary for controlling the spontaneous activation of the alternative pathway amplification process in plasma. In addition, CFH controls the formation and decay of these enzymes when C3b is attached to the surface of particles.

Acid phosphatase, prostate (ACPP) is a non-specific tyrosine phosphatase, which dephosphorylates a varied number of substrates under acidic conditions (pH 4-6) including alkyl, aryl, and acyl orthophosphate monoesters and phosphorylated proteins. ACPP has lipid phosphatase activity and inactivates lysophosphatidic acid in seminal plasma.

Cyclosporin A is a noncytotoxic, natural, 11 amino acid cyclic peptide used clinically as an immunosuppressant for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders and to prevent organ rejection after transplantation. Cyclosporin acts chiefly by inhibiting T lymphocyte function, which is vital for the propagation of inflammation. Cyclosporin A does not suppress the activity of other hematopoietic cells, does not cause bone marrow suppression and has a rapid onset of action as opposed to other immunosuppressive agents. Nevertheless, Cyclosporin A -induced nephrotoxicity remains an important clinical problem, and oxidative stress has been implicated as a potential responsible mechanism.

Endothelial sialomucin (Endomucin) interferes with the assembly of focal adhesion complexes and inhibits interaction between cells and the extracellular matrix. Endomucin is expressed in the heart, kidney and lung.

OVCA2 is a member of the UPF0483 family. Universally expressed, the OVCA2 expression is regulated by retinoids. OVCA2 cooperates with apoptosis-related protein Bag-1, which indicates that OVCA2 takes part in cell proliferation. OVCA2 is thought to perform as a serine-hydrolase due to its catalytic and structural characteristics. Additionally, OVCA2 is believed to be involved in tumor suppression because of its reduced expression in ovarian and other tumor cell lines.