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SNTA1 is a member of the syntrophin gene family. SNTA1 is a peripheral membrane protein found linked with dystrophin and dystrophin-related proteins. Dystrophin is a large, rod-like cytoskeletal protein located at the inner surface of muscle fibers. Dystrophin is absent in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy patients, however it is present in reduced amounts in Becker Muscular Dystrophy patients. Syntrophins are cytoplasmic peripheral membrane scaffold proteins and components of the dystrophin-associated protein complex. The N-terminal PDZ domain of SNTA1 interacts with the C-terminus of the pore-forming alpha subunit (SCN5A) of the cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5. In addition, SNTA1 associates cardiac sodium channels with the nitric oxide synthase-PMCA4b (plasma membrane Ca-ATPase subtype 4b) complex in cardiomyocytes. The SNTA1 gene is a predisposition locus for Long-QT syndrome (LQT) - an inherited disorder associated with sudden cardiac death from arrhythmia - and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). SNTA1 also associates with dystrophin and dystrophin-related proteins at the neuromuscular junction and modifies intracellular calcium ion levels in muscle tissue.

Nectin Cell Adhesion Molecule 2, also known as NECTIN2, is a Ca(2+)-independent cell-cell adhesion molecule which is one of the plasma membrane components of adherens junctions. NECTIN2 takes a vital part in the establishment of homotypic as well as heterotypic cell to cell contacts. NECTIN2 is essential for resisting herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in transfected cells. NECTIN2 is also a possible target for antibody therapy of breast & ovarian cancers. NECTIN2 might be related with human longevity. Two diseases which have been associated with NECTIN2 are Herpes Simplex and Ovarian Cystic Teratoma.

NECTIN3, also known as Nectin Cell Adhesion Molecule 3, is part of the nectin family. NECTIN3 is intended to initiate cell-cell adhesion to stimulate cell attachment and to allow subsequent formation of JAM-and cadherin-based intercellular junctions. NECTIN3 induces endocytosis-mediated down-regulation of PVR from the cell surface, which results in reduction of cell movement & proliferation. Following Nectin-3 activity adds strength to the junction through trans-interaction with various molecules.

Dual-Specificity Tyrosine-(Y)-Phosphorylation Regulated 1A (DYRK1A) belongs to the dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) family. DYRK1A includes a nuclear targeting signal sequence, a leucine zipper motif and a protein kinase domain. DYRK1A catalyzes its autophosphorylation on serine/threonine and tyrosine residues and takes part in a signaling pathway regulating cell proliferation. DYRK1A has a substrate preference for proline at position P+1 and arginine at position P-3.

DDIT3 reduces DNA-binding activity of C/EBP and lap by forming heterodimers which don’t bind DNA. DDIT3, also known as GADD153, is a basic domain-leucine zipper(bZIP) transcription factor of C/EBP family. DDIT3 protein is up-regulated by several stresses, such as amino acid or glucose starvation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, osmotic stress and hypoxia. DDIT3 protein is invloved in ER stress-mediated apoptosis and in disease including diabetes, brain ischemia and neurodegenerative disease. DDIT3 plays a role in asoprisnil-induced apoptosis. Hypoglycaemia-induced necrotic cell death of neuroblastoma cells is an active process mediated via the induction of the transcription factor DDIT3. DDIT3 plays an important role in melanoma progression. HRG stimulation of mammary epithelial cells induces the expression of DDIT3 mRNA and protein and transcription of DDIT3 promoter.

Dickkopf-related protein 3 (DKK3) belongs to the DKK protein family including Dkk-1, 2, 3 and -4. DKK3 is a 350 amino acid secreted glycoprotein which is comprised of an N-terminal signal peptide and 2 conserved cysteine-rich domains that are separated by a 12 amino acid linker region. DKK3 is involved in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway. DKK3 gene expression is decreased in a variety of cancer cell lines and it may act as a tumor suppressor gene.

Synaptojanin 2 Binding Protein (SYNJ2BP) contains 1 PDZ (DHR) domain which binds to isoform 2A of SYNJ2 (through the unique motif in the C-terminus) and interacts with MAPK12.

DDX39A which is a part of the DEAD box protein family is characterized by the conserved motif Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp. This pattern is implicated in a various cellular processes involving alteration of RNA secondary structure, nuclear and mitochondrial splicing, and ribosome and spliceosome assembly. Several members of the DEAD box protein family are taking part in embryogenesis, spermatogenesis, and cellular growth and division.

Elcatonin is a Calcitonin derivative which is transformed from eel´s calcitonin by changing the S-S bond into the stable C-N bond. It inhibits the absorption and autolysis of bones, thus leads to blood calcium descending. In addition, it inhibits the bone salts dissolving and transferring and promotes the excretion of calcium and phosphorus in urine. Meanwhile, it inhibits renal tubules reabsorbing calcium, phosphorus and sodium and keeps blood calcium at normal level. It is mainly used for remitting or eliminating the pain caused by Osteoporosis.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family which is part of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. The superfamily includes large families of growth and differentiation factors. Bone morphogenetic proteins were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo in an extraskeletal site. This particular family member plays an important role in the onset of endochondral bone formation in humans, and a reduction in expression has been associated with a variety of bone diseases, including the heritable disorder Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Alternative splicing in the 5' untranslated region of this gene has been described and three variants are described, all encoding an identical protein.

GDF8 is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family and the TGF-beta superfamily. This group of proteins is characterized by a polybasic proteolytic processing site which is cleaved to produce a mature protein containing seven conserved cysteine residues. The members of this family are regulators of cell growth and differentiation in both embryonic and adult tissues. This gene is thought to encode a secreted protein which negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth.

FANK1 was localized in the nuclei of identical cells in the seminiferous epithelium. Depending on its nuclear localization, a gene ontology analysis proposes that FANK1 has a DNA binding activity therefor operates as a transcription factor. The extremely controlled expression of FANK1, suggests that it takes part in regulating gene expression in the transition from the meiotic phase to the haploid phase throughout spermatogenesis.

Syntaxin is membrane integrated Q-SNARE protein participating in exocytosis. Syntaxin is composed of an N-terminal regulatory domain (Habc), a SNARE domain (known as H3), and a single C-terminal transmembrane domain. The SNARE (H3) domain binds to both synaptobrevin and SNAP-25 forming the core SNARE complex. Synaptic vesicles store neurotransmitters that are released during calcium-regulated exocytosis. The specificity of neurotransmitter release requires the localization of both synaptic vesicles and calcium channels to the presynaptic active zone. Syntaxins function in this vesicle fusion process. Syntaxins also serve as a substrate for botulinum neurotoxin type C, a metalloprotease that blocks exocytosis and has high affinity for a molecular complex that includes the alpha-latrotoxin receptor which produces exocytosis.

Decorin (DCN) is a small cellular or pericellular matrix proteoglycan which is closely related in structure to biglycan protein. Decorin is a secreted protein which binds to collagen and fibronectin in extracellular matrix. Decorin appears in different glycoforms, substituted with chondroitin sulfate or dermatan sulfate consistent with the original tissue. DCN contains one attached glycosaminoglycan chain. Decorin influences the rate of fibril formation. Decorin is capable of suppressing the growth of various tumor cell lines. DCN gene defects cause corneal dystrophy. The DCN gene is a candidate gene for Marfan syndrome.

DnaJ (Hsp40) Homolog, Subfamily C, Member 12 (DNAJC12) belongs to the DnaJ/Hsp40 family. DnaJ/Hsp40 family members are linked with complex assembly, protein folding, and export. DnaJ/Hsp40 proteins are extremely conserved throughout evolution and function as co-chaperones regulating protein folding, transport, translational initiation and gene expression. DnaJC12 has a role in protein folding and export and is believed to be involved in estrogen control and the development of breast cancer. DNAJC12 is expressed at high levels in the brain, heart, and testis, and at reduced levels in the kidney and stomach.

Dysbindin domain-containing protein 1 (DBNDD1) is a member of the dysbindin family.

CD138 takes a part in cell adhesion. CD138 is expressed on the surface of pre-B cells and plasma cells but is absent from mature B cells. SDC1 is a selective marker for B cell lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoplasmacytoid leukemia. SDC1 is missing from the apoptotic myeloma cells; therefore is a valuable marker for plasma cell and myeloma cells.

Dickkopf-related protein 3 (DKK3) belongs to the DKK protein family including Dkk-1, 2, 3 and -4. DKK3 is a 350 amino acid secreted glycoprotein which is comprised of an N-terminal signal peptide and 2 conserved cysteine-rich domains that are separated by a 12 amino acid linker region. DKK3 is involved in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway. DKK3 gene expression is decreased in a variety of cancer cell lines and it may act as a tumor suppressor gene.

Syntaxin is membrane integrated Q-SNARE protein participating in exocytosis. Syntaxin is composed of an N-terminal regulatory domain (Habc), a SNARE domain (known as H3), and a single C-terminal transmembrane domain. The SNARE (H3) domain binds to both synaptobrevin and SNAP-25 forming the core SNARE complex. Synaptic vesicles store neurotransmitters that are released during calcium-regulated exocytosis. The specificity of neurotransmitter release requires the localization of both synaptic vesicles and calcium channels to the presynaptic active zone. Syntaxins function in this vesicle fusion process. Syntaxins also serve as a substrate for botulinum neurotoxin type C, a metalloprotease that blocks exocytosis and has high affinity for a molecular complex that includes the alpha-latrotoxin receptor which produces exocytosis.

Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1) antagonizes canonical Wnt signaling by inhibiting LRP5/6 interaction with Wnt and by creating a ternary complex with the transmembrane protein KREMEN which promotes internalization of LRP5/6. DKKs have a significant role in vertebrate development, where they locally inhibit Wnt controlled processes for instance antero-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis and eye formation. Furthermore, Dkks are involved in bone formation and bone disease, cancer and Alzheimer disease in Adults.

Dysbindin domain-containing protein 2 (DBNDD2) is a member of the dysbindin family. DBNDD2 regulates the activity of casein kinase-1 and inhibits CSNK1D autophosphorylation (in vitro). DBNDD2 also interacts with CSNK1D and CSNK1E. DBNDD2 is detected in brain.

Decorin (DCN) is a small cellular or pericellular matrix proteoglycan which is closely related in structure to biglycan protein. Decorin is a secreted protein which binds to collagen and fibronectin in extracellular matrix. Decorin appears in different glycoforms, substituted with chondroitin sulfate or dermatan sulfate consistent with the original tissue. DCN contains one attached glycosaminoglycan chain. Decorin influences the rate of fibril formation. Decorin is capable of suppressing the growth of various tumor cell lines. DCN gene defects cause corneal dystrophy. The DCN gene is a candidate gene for Marfan syndrome.

SDCBP2 has two class II PDZ domains. PDZ domains assist protein-protein interactions by attaching to the cytoplasmic C-terminus of transmembrane proteins, and PDZ-containing proteins mediate cell signaling and the organization of protein complexes. SDCBP2 attaches to phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and take part in nuclear PIP2 arrangement and cell division.

DDIT4 has a role in the regulation of reactive oxygen species. DDIT4 is upregulated at the transcriptional level as a reaction to stress due to DNA damage and glucocorticoid treatment. DDIT4 negatively regulates the mammalian target of Rapamycin, a serine/threonine kinase frequently referred to as mTOR. DDIT4 is vital in the coupling of extra- and intracellular cues to mTOR regulation.