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Rho-related GTP-binding protein RhoB (RhoB) belongs to the Rho GTP-binding protein family. RhoB facilitates apoptosis in neoplastically transformed cells after DNA damage. RhoB has a negative role in tumorigenesis since deletion causes tumor formation.

RLBP1 is a 36-kD water-soluble protein that transports 11-cis-retinal or 11-cis-retinaldehyde as physiologic ligands. RLBP1 is a functional element of the visual cycle. RLBP1 gene mutations cause retinitis punctata albescens, severe rod-cone dystrophy and Bothnia dystrophy (nonsyndromic autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa).

Human Retinol Binding Protein, also known as RBP, is responsible for transporting and binding vitamin A. Human RBP has a binding site for 1 molecule of retinol and circulates in the plasma together with prealbumin as a protein complex. The prealbumin binding prevents greater glomerular losses of the human RBP. Only the retinol-free form of the RBP, which has no affinity for prealbumin, undergoes glomerular filtration unhindered as a result of its low Mw. Human RBP is re-absorbed by the tubular cells and catabolized there.

RLBP1 is a 36-kD water-soluble protein that transports 11-cis-retinal or 11-cis-retinaldehyde as physiologic ligands. RLBP1 is a functional element of the visual cycle. RLBP1 gene mutations cause retinitis punctata albescens, severe rod-cone dystrophy and Bothnia dystrophy (nonsyndromic autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa).

Nephroblastoma Overexpressed (NOV) which is encoded by the NOV gene is a part of the CCN (CTGF/CYR61/NOV) family. NOV takes part in reducing tumorgenicity and proliferation of certain cancer cell lines. NOV interacts with numerous proteins and is involved in both internal and external cell signaling. NOV is expressed in particular tumors, including Wilm’s tumor and most nephroblastomas and is also exerts proangiogenic activities.

Ras-related protein Ral-A (RALA) is a member of the small GTPase superfamily, Ras family of proteins. RALA mediates a distinct downstream signaling pathway from Ras which facilitates cellular transformation. Furthermore, RALA is thought to be involved in various signaling cascades, including regulation of the cytoskeleton, vesicle trafficking, and endocytosis.

RAET1L plays a role as a stress-induced ligand for NKG2D receptor. Retinoic Acid Early Transcript 1L (RAET1L) is linked to the cell membrane by the GPI anchor. HCMV infection triggers RAET1L’sexpression but HCMV alters its function. HCMV-encoded UL16 glycoprotein retains RAET1L/ULBP6 inside the cells, preventing it from reaching the cell surface and being exposed to cells of the immune system. RAET1L has a more restricted expression profile in cell lines and primary human tissues than other NKG2D ligands.

Retinol binding protein 4(RBP4) belongs to the lipocalin family and is the specific carrier for retinol (vitamin A alcohol) in the blood. This protein was found to be expressed and secreted by adipose tissue, and was strongly associated with insulin resistance. It delivers retinol from the liver stores to the peripheral tissues. In plasma, the RBP-retinol complex interacts with transthyretin which prevents its loss by filtration through the kidney glomeruli.
RBP4 delivers retinol from the liver to the peripheral tissues. In plasma, the rbp-retinol complex interacts with transthyretin, this prevents its loss by filtration through the kidney glomeruli.

RBP5 is a member of the Retinol-binding proteins family. Estimation of retinol-binding protein is used to determine visceral protein mass in nutritional studies related to health. RBP5 has a higher expression in the adult kidney and liver and to a lesser extent in the adult and fetal spleen, adult lymph nodes and appendix, and fetal liver and kidney. RBP5 expression is strongly decreased in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues.

T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1B, also known as TCL1B is a member of the TCL1 family. TCL1B is expressed in a variety of tissues as well as the placenta and testis. Moreover, TCL1B enhances the phosphorylation and activation of AKT1 and AKT2.

KRAS is part of the small GTPase superfamily. A single amino acid substitution is accountable for an activating mutation. KRAS participates in various malignancies, including lung adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenoma, ductal carcinoma of the pancreas and colorectal carcinoma.

RAB31 Member RAS Oncogene Family (RAB31) is a 194 amino lipid-anchored protein which localizes to the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane and is a member of the Ras related GTPase superfamily. RAB31 is expressed at high levels in the lung, brain and heart. RAB31 functions in a similar mode to other Rab proteins, namely playing a part in protein transport. Small GTP-binding proteins of the RAB family, for example RAB31, play critical roles in vesicle and granule targeting. RAB31 gas the highest expression in the placenta and brain with lower levels in the heart and lung. However, RAB31 is not detected in liver, skeletal muscle, kidney or pancreas.

Ras-related protein Rab-3D (RAB3D) belongs to the Ras superfamily of small Rab GTPases. Rab proteins play a vital role for, either in endocytosis or in biosynthetic protein transport. Rab3D mRNA is primarily expressed in white adipose tissue and, coincident with GLUT4, increases upon differentiation of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. Rab3D exhibits close structural similarities with Rab 3A, an isoform which is functionally associated with regulated exocytosis in various cell types.

RELM-beta (Resistin-Like Molecule-beta) is a member of a recently identified family of secreted proteins containing a conserved cystein-rich C-terminus. The RELM family consists of resistin (also called FIZZ3), RELM-alfa (FIZZ1), RELM-beta (FIZZ2) and RELM-gamma. Only resisistin and RELM-beta were found in humans whereas all four RELM family members were identified in rodents.
RELM-beta appears to be produced as a homodimer exclusively by intestinal goblet cells and can be found in high quantities in stool. Remarkably, stool of germ-free mice displaying sterile intestinal tract does not contain RELM-beta until bacterial colonization takes place after pathogen-free mice entered natural environment. Some, but not all, colon carcinoma cell lines secrete RELM-beta into the cell culture supernatant.
The physiological function of RELM-beta is not known. High doses of recombinant RELM-beta showed hyperglycemic effects including lowered glucose disposal and increased hepatic glucose production in mice.

RELM-gamma is a novel member of the resistin-like molecule/found in inflammatory zone (RELM/FIZZ) family in mice and rats. Microarray and real-time RT-PCR experiments revealed a repression of RELMgamma mRNA in nasal respiratory epithelium of cigarette smoke-exposed versus untreated rats. The analysis of the physiological tissue-specific expression revealed highest expression in hematopoietic tissues, suggesting a cytokine-like role for RELM-gamma. RELM-gamma-mRNA is detectable in bone marrow, spleen, and lung as well as in peripheral blood granulocytes. Promyelocytic HL60 cells transfected with a RELM-gamma expression plasmid have an increased proliferation rate compared to mock-transfected cells and display an altered response to retinoic acid-induced granulocytic differentiation. Taken together, these data provide the first experimental evidence that RELM-gamma is a secreted molecule with a restricted expression pattern that may play a role in promyelocytic differentiation.

RHEB is part of the Ras & GTPase superfamily that was originally identified as an immediate-early gene in brain but is also widely expressed in other tissues. RHEB encodes a lipid-anchored, cell membrane protein with five repeats of the RAS-related GTP-binding region. RHEB is necessary in regulation of growth and cell cycle progression due to its role in the TOR/S6K signaling pathway. RHEB has GTPase activity and shuttles between a GDP-bound form and a GTP-bound form, and farnesylation of the protein is required for this activity. RHEB induces oncogenic transformation. RHEB overexpression accelerates lymphomagenesis and is associated with prostate cancer. RHEB can cytopathologically distinguish between fibroadenoma from malignant breast carcinomas which is considered as a secondary diagnostic tool. RHEB has a central role in the regulation of the Ras/B-Raf/C-Raf/MEK signaling network.

RHOC is a small signaling G protein/GTPase which is part of the Rac subfamily of the family Rho family of GTPases. RHOC rotats between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states and has a role as a molecular switch in signal transduction cascades. RHOC promotes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and regulates cell shape, attachment, and motility.

RRAS belongs to the Ras family which functions in signal transduction pathways. RRAS interacts with RASSF5, NCK1, Bcl-2, ARAF and RALGDS. RRAS binds GTP and GDP, and it has intrinsic GTPase activity. RRAS regulates the organization of the actin cytoskeleton

Age-Related Maculopathy Susceptibility 2 or ARMS2 is a protein that is is being researches for its ability to take part in diseases in old age. Mutations in Age-Related Maculopathy Susceptibility 2 is related to age-caused molecular degeneration.

RAB1B belongs to the RAB protein family, these proteins are low molecular mass monomeric GTPases localized on the cytoplasmic surfaces of distinct membrane bound organelles. RAB1B protein functions in the early secretory pathway and is essential for vesicle transport between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi.

RAB1A belongs to the ras-related superfamily. Rab proteins have a central part in either in endocytosis or in biosynthetic protein transport. Rab1a protein controls vesicle traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus.

Ras-related protein Rab-21 (RAB21) belongs to the Ras superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins. Rab21 is an integrin-associated protein and a positive regulator of integrin traffic. Rab21 associates with the cytoplasmic domains of alpha-integrin chains and their expression influences the endo/exocytic traffic of integrins. This function of Rab21 depends on its GTP/GDP cycle and right membrane targeting.

Ras-related protein Rab-35 (RAB35) is restricted to the plasma membrane and endocytic compartments and controls a fast endocytic recycling pathway. Inhibition of Rab35 function leads to the accumulation of endocytic markers on numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles in cells that failed cytokinesis, which is consistent with a central requirement for Rab35-regulated recycling during cell division.

RAB3A Interacting Protein Like 1 (RAB3IL1) is a 382 amino acid protein which is a member of the SEC2 family. RAB3IL1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rab3A. RAB3IL1 competes for interaction with Rab3A and IHPK1 via its coiled coil domain, which doesn’t involve IHPK1 kinase activity.