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Deoxyribodipyrimidine photo-lyase (phrB) is a member of the DNA photolyase class-1 family. phrB takes part in repair of UV radiation-inducedDNA damage. phrB catalyzes the light-dependent monomerization (300-600 nm) of cyclobutyl pyrimidinedimers (in cis-syn configuration), which are formed between closest bases on the same DNA strand uponexposure to ultraviolet radiation.

L antigen family member 3 (LAGE3) is a part of the CTAG family. LAGE3 is ubiquitously expressed in somatic tissues unlike the other family members, which are usually expressed only in testis and activated in a broad range of human tumors. LAGE3 is also highly conserved in mouse and rat, suggesting that the encoded protein is functionally significant.

Myostatin (GDF-8), a member of the TGFbeta superfamily, is a potent and specific negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. In serum, myostatin circulates as part of a latent complex containing myostatin propeptide and/or follistatin-related gene. The myostatin propeptide is known to bind and inhibit myostatin in vitro. This interaction is relevant in vivo, with a majority (>70%) of myostatin in serum bound to its propeptide. The myostatin propeptide is negative regulator of myostatin in vivo.

REG protein was shown to be stimulated during the regeneration of pancreatic islets. Since then, many Reg-related proteins have been identified in humans and other animals. In human, the four REG family genes, i.e., REG 1 alpha, REG 1 beta, REG-related sequence (RS) and HIP/PAP, have so far been isolated. These Reg-related proteins are classified into four subfamilies according to their amino-acid sequences, but they share a similar structure and physiological function. Reg protein is a growth factor for pancreatic beta cells and also suggests that the administration of Reg protein could be used as another therapeutic approach for diabetes mellitus. Human REG cDNA which encodes a 166-amino acid protein with a 22-amino acid signal peptide. The amino acid sequence of human REG protein has 68% homology to that of rat Reg protein.
Reg I was found to be expressed mainly in pancreatic beta and acinoductular cells as well as gastric fundic enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. Reg I production in ECL cells is stimulated by gastrin, as well as by the proinflammatory cytokine, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-2Beta. In patients with chronic hypergastrinemia, Reg production is stimulated, with the increased proliferation of gastric mucosal cells. Patients with Helicobacter pylori infection also showed increased Reg production in the gastric mucosa, partly via increased plasma gastrin concentration and partly via increased proinflammatory cytokine production. The serum concentration of the reg-protein was significantly higher in patients with various pancreatic diseases than in normal controls, and was also significantly higher in patients with acute pancreatitis or chronic relapsing pancreatitis than in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Furthermore, the serum PSP/reg-protein concentration was also significantly increased in liver cirrhosis, choledocholithiasis, and various cancers of the digestive system.

Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 1 (PGLYRP1) is a member of the N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase 2 family. PGLYRP1 binds to peptidoglycan of bacteria and affects the peptidoglycan biosynthesis. PGLYRP1 displays bactericidal activity towards Gram-positive bacteria and is bacteriostatic towards Gram-negative bacteria. PGLYRP1 has a role in innate immunity. PGLYRP1 is highly expressed in the bone marrow, and weakly expressed in the kidney, liver, small intestine, spleen, thymus, peripheral leukocyte, lung, fetal spleen and neutrophils.

Thyroid Hormone Responsive (THRSP) is a member of the SPOT14 family. THRSP is similar to the gene product of S14, a rat gene whose expression is limited to liver and adipose tissue and is controlled by nutritional and hormonal factors. THRSP is expressed in liver and adipocytes, specifically in lipomatous modules. In addition It is expressed in lipogenic breast cancers, which suggests a role in controlling tumor lipid metabolism.

Trichomonas vaginalis, an anaerobic, flagellated protozoan parasite, is most dominant protozoan causing sexual transmitted disease. T. vaginalis induced vaginal tract infection occurs as multiple steps involving interactions between host macromolecules and protozoan virulent factor. Adhension protein P65 of T. vaginalis has a vital part in assisting the penetration into vaginal tract surface.

gAcrp30 globular protein, exists as a result of proteolytic processing of adiponectin. Adiponectin is manufactured and secreted solely by adipocytes, and is a highly obtained plasma protein, accounting for up to 0.05% of total serum protein. Similar to Adiponectin, gAcrp30 is able of lowering hyperglycemia and reversing INS resistance. In addition, gAcrp30 is an significant protein that is involved in promoting fat loss by signaling muscle to absorb and burn Free-Fatty Acids. AdipoR1 & AdipoR2 are the 2 signaling receptors for adiponectin and gAcrp30 that were recently been identified.

Adiponectin is a protein exclusively secreted from adipose tissue. In the circulation, adiponectin is present as three different oligomeric complexes, including the high molecular weight (HMW), the middle molecular weight (MMW, also called hexamer) and low molecular weigh (LMW, also called trimer) forms. Different oligomeric complex of adiponectin activates different signaling pathways and exerts distinct functions.

Follistatin is a single-chain gonadal protein that specifically inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone release. The single FST gene encodes two isoforms, FST317 and FST344 containing 317 and 344 amino acids respectively, resulting from alternative splicing of the precursor mRNA. In a study in which 37 candidate genes were tested for linkage and association with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hyperandrogenemia in 150 families, evidence was found for linkage between PCOS and follistatin. Follistatin functions as an ACTV antagonist. specific inhibitor of the biosynthesis and secretion of pituitary follicle stimulating hormone (fsh).

Galectin 3, or LGALS3, is a protein which belongs to the animal lectins family, that binds betagalactoside residues selectively. LGALS3 is originated and leaves cells through ectocytosis. The protein is capable of inhibition apoptosis and the development of cancer. Galectin 3 is found in epithelial tissues in organisms, it can be located in dendritic cells, Kupffer cells, macrophages etc. LGALS3 levels elevated when inflammation is generating, cell proliferation, trans-activation by viral proteins and cell differentiation.

sRANK Receptor is a part of of the TNF superfamily of ligands and receptors which participates in the regulation of specific immunity and bone turnover. sRANK Receptor was originally acknowledged as a dendritic-cell-membrane protein, which by interacting with RANKL augments the capacity of dendritic cells to stimulate naive T cell proliferation and to endorse the survival of RANK and T cells. The full length human RANK cDNA encodes a type I transmembrane protein of 616 amino acids with a predicted 183 amino acid extracellular domain and a 383 amino acid cytoplasmic domain. sRANK Receptor is also expressed in a various tissues including skeletal muscle, thymus, liver, colon, small intestine and adrenal gland.

Follistatin is a single-chain gonadal protein that specifically inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone release. The single FST gene encodes two isoforms, FST317 and FST344 containing 317 and 344 amino acids respectively, resulting from alternative splicing of the precursor mRNA. In a study in which 37 candidate genes were tested for linkage and association with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hyperandrogenemia in 150 families, evidence was found for linkage between PCOS and follistatin. Follistatin binds directly to activin and functions as an activin antagonist. specific inhibitor of the biosynthesis and secretion of pituitary follicle stimulating hormone (fsh).

Stress-Induced Protein SAM22 (Gly m 4.0101) causes an allergic reaction in humans. Gly m 4 is the main soy allergen for patients allergic to birch pollen with soy allergy.

GH is a member of the somatotropin/prolactin family of hormones which play an important role in growth control. The gene, along with four other related genes, is located at the growth hormone locus on chromosome 17 where they are interspersed in the same transcriptional orientation; an arrangement which is thought to have evolved by a series of gene duplications. The five genes share a remarkably high degree of sequence identity. Alternative splicing generates additional isoforms of each of the five growth hormones, leading to further diversity and potential for specialization. This particular family member is expressed in the pituitary but not in placental tissue as is the case for the other four genes in the growth hormone locus. Mutations in or deletions of the gene lead to growth hormone deficiency and short stature.

GCSF is a cytokine that controls the production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes. The active protein is found extracellularly. Three transcript variants encoding three different isoforms have been found for this gene. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factors are cytokines that act in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and the monocytes-macrophages. This csf induces granulocytes.

SNRPB is one of several nuclear proteins which are found in common among U1, U2, U4/U6, and U5 small ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs). These snRNPs are involved in pre-mRNA splicing, and the SNRPB protein may also have a role in pre-mRNA splicing or snRNP structure. SNRPB binds to the downstream cleavage product (DCP) of histone pre-mRNA in a U7 snRNP dependent manner. SNRPB functions in the U7 snRNP complex which is involved in histone 3'-end processing.

Prohibitin (PHB) is an evolutionarily conserved gene that is ubiquitously expressed and which Mutations have been linked to sporadic breast cancer. PHB is thought to be a negative regulator of cell proliferation and may be a tumor suppressor. Prohibitin is expressed as two transcripts with changeable lengths of 3' untranslated region. The longer transcript is present at higher levels in proliferating tissues and cells, proposing that this longer 3' untranslated region functions as a trans-acting regulatory RNA.

Polymerase (RNA) I (DNA directed) Polypeptide C (POLR1C) is a subunit of both RNA polymerase I and RNA polymerase III complexes whose defects are related with Collins syndrome. POLR1C is a protein-coding gene and is part of the Pol core element

PPIL4 belongs to an evolutionarily conserved cyclophilin-type PPIase family of proteins. PPIL4, which is ubiquitously expressed with predominant expression in kidney localizes to the nucleus and contains one PPIase cyclophilin-type domain, a lysine-rich domain, a pair of bipartite nuclear targeting sequences and one RRM (RNA recognition motif) domain. The presence of the RRM domain along with nuclear targeting sequences implies that PPIL4 may be involved in transcriptional regulation.

Ribosomes, the organelles which catalyze protein synthesis, contain a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and nearly 80 structurally distinct proteins. This gene encodes a ribosomal phosphoprotein which is a component of the 60S subunit. The protein, which is a functional equivalent of the E. coli L7/L12 ribosomal protein, is a member of the L12P family of ribosomal proteins and has a vital part in the elongation step of protein synthesis. In opposed to most ribosomal proteins, which are basic, the encoded protein is acidic.The P1 C-terminal end is nearly identical to the C-terminal ends of the ribosomal phosphoproteins P0 and P2. The P1 protein can interact with P0 and P2 to form a pentameric complex consisting of P1 and P2 dimers, and a P0 monomer. P1 is located in the cytoplasm. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants which encode varies proteins have been detected. As is typical for genes encoding ribosomal proteins, there are multiple processed pseudogenes of this gene distributed all over the genome.

ADP-ribosylhydrolase like 2 (ADPRHL2) belongs to the ADP-ribosylglycohydrolase family. ADPRHL2 catalyzes the removal of ADP-ribose from ADP-ribosylated proteins. ADPRHL2, which is ubiquitously expressed, uses magnesium as a cofactor to catalyze the hydrolysis of poly (ADP-ribose) that is synthesized after DNA damage. Furthermore, ADPRHL2 has an essential role in the maintenance of normal neuronal cell function. The ADPRHL2 enzyme localizes to the mitochondria, in addition to the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Osteostat is the cytokine that binds to TNFRSF18/AITR/GITR and is important for interactions between activated T-lymphocytes and endothelial cells and may modulate T-lymphocyte survival in peripheral tissues. Osteostat is expressed at high levels in the small intestine, ovary, testis, kidney and endothelial cells after stimulation by lipopolysaccharides.
Osteostat protein is detectable in human microvascular EC and is highly up-regulated by IFN-alpha and IFN-beta. Osteostat inhibit differentiation of osteoclasts from monocytic precursor cells. Osteostat suppresses the early stage of osteoclastogenesis via inhibition of macrophage colony-stimulating factorinduced receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK) expression in the osteoclast precursor cells. Osteostat does not inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced RANK expression in monocytes and dendritic cells, or activation-induced RANK expression in T cells. Osteostat is a novel regulator of osteoclast generation and substantiate the major role played by the endothelium in bone physiology.

NTAL participates in FCER1 (high affinity immunoglobulin epsilon receptor)-mediated signaling in mast cells. NTAL takes part in BCR (B-cell antigen receptor)-mediated signaling in B-cells and FCGR1 (high affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc receptor I)-mediated signaling in myeloid cells. Couples activation of these receptors and their associated kinases with distal intracellular events through the recruitment of GRB2.