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Vps20-associated 1 homolog (VTA1) is a member of the VTA1 family. The VTA1 protein is involved in the endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVB) pathway. Furthermore, VTA1 is interacts with CHMP1B, CHMP2A, CHMP5, VPS4B, KIAA0174 (IST1) and possibly CHMP3. VTA1 is believed to be a cofactor of VPS4A/B, which catalyzes membrane-associated ESCRT-III assemblies. In addition, VTA1 is involved in the sorting and down-regulation of EGFR and also in HIV-1 budding.

Synaptobrevin-2 or VAMP2 is a protein that has a proline-rich N-terminal part, highly conserved hydrophilic domain, a transmembrane anchor and a C-terminal.VAMP2 found in the transmembrane region of the cell, in the cytoplasmic surface of the synaptic vesicle. The protein is mainly found in the Langerhans islets in the pancreas and glomerular cells in the kidney. A SNARE complex is created within the protein’s N-terminal domain and the target membrane-associated T.

Trafficking protein particle complex 4 (TRAPPC4) is part of the multisubunit TRAPP (transport protein particle) complex and interacts with SDC2. TRAPPC4 has a role in vesicular transport from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi.

Single-Stranded DNA Binding Protein 1 (SSBP) participates in mitochondrial biogenesis. SSBP binds preferentially and cooperatively to ss-DNA. The SSBP protein is involved in mitochondrial DNA replication and associates with mitochondrial DNA.

KLRC3 belongs to the NKG2 group that can be found mostly in natural killer (NK) cells and encodes a family of transmembrane proteins known for their C-type lectin domain and their type II membrane orientation (extracellular C terminus). The NKG2 gene family is situated inside the NK complex, a region which has quite a few C-type lectin genes mostly expressed on NK cells.

CAB39 protein and STE20-related adaptor-alpha pseudo kinase, form a regulatory complex that is able of stimulating the activity of the LKB1 tumor suppressor protein kinase. CAB39 takes part as a scaffolding component of the STK11/STRAD complex and regulates STK11 activity and cellular localization.

Cystatins are a superfamily of cysteine proteinase inhibitors found in both plants and animals. They comprise a group of proteinase inhibitors, widely distributed in tissues and body fluids, and form tight complexes with cysteine proteases such as cathepsin B, H, L and S. Cystatin C, a secreted molecule of this family, is of interest from biochemical, medicine and evolutionary points of view. Cystatin C, with molecular weight of 13260 Da, is composed of 120 amino acids, lacks carbohydrate and has two disulfide bridges located near the carboxyl terminus. Cystatin C is increased in patients with malignant diseases, and is related to the insufficiency of renal function and appears to be a better marker than creatinine. On the other hand, low levels of cystatin C involve cause the breakdown of the elastic laminae and, subsequently, the atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family which is part of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. The superfamily includes large families of growth and differentiation factors. Bone morphogenetic proteins were originally identified by an ability of demineralized bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo in an extraskeletal site. This particular family member plays an important role in the onset of endochondral bone formation in humans, and a reduction in expression has been associated with a variety of bone diseases, including the heritable disorder Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva. Alternative splicing in the 5' untranslated region of this gene has been described and three variants are described, all encoding an identical protein.

IFT20 is a fragment of intraflagellar transport (IFT) elements which takes part in ciliary process assembly. IFT20 is involved in the transferring of ciliary membrane proteins from the Golgi complex to the cilium and is expressed in virtually all tissues.

UCN119B is a member of the PDE6D/unc-119 family. UCN119B has a large number of photoreceptors of the retina. Additionaly, UCN119B has a strong homology with the C. elegans unc119 and is able to functionally complement the C. elegans unc119 mutation gene.

Ebolavirus (EVD) belongs to the Filoviridae family of proteins which is comprised of a single-strand, non-infectious RNA genome. EVD genome is about 19,000 base pairs long and covers 7 genes in the order 3'-UTR-NP-VP35-VP40-GP-VP30-VP24-L-5'-UTR. There are 4 different ebolaviruses such as: Zaire (EBO-Z), Sudan (EBO-S), Cote d’Ivoire (EBO-CI) and Reston (EBO-R) that differ in amino acid sequence and location of where the gene overlaps. Similar to filoviruses and ebolavirions, EVD is a filamentous element that could appear in 3 forms: shepherd's crook, U shape or a 6 shape. Ebolaviruses may be coiled, toroid, or branched. Most ebolavirions are 80nm wideand 14,000nm long.

BMP2 belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) superfamily. Bone morphogenic protein induces bone formation. BMP2 is a candidate gene for the autosomal dominant disease of fibrodysplasia (myositis) ossificans progressiva.

MOBKL1B is a member of the MOB1/phocein family. MOBKL1B stimulates the kinase activity of STK38 and STK38L. MOBKL1B also binds to and regulates downstream targets such as the NDR-family protein kinases and LATS1 kinase. Thus, MOBKL1B participates in cell cycle checkpoint control and tumor inhibition.

The 14-3-3 family of proteins plays a key regulatory role in signal transduction, checkpoint control, apoptotic and nutrient-sensing pathways. 14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed. There are at least seven isoforms that have been identified in mammals. The 14-3-3gamma, a subtype of the 14-3-3 family of proteins, was thought to be brain and neuron-specific. It has been shown to interact with RAF1 and protein kinase C, proteins involved in various signal transduction pathways.

Placenta-Specific 8 (PLAC8) is a member of the cornifelin family. The PLAC8 protein is expressed at high levels in the plasmacytoid dendritic cells, spleen, lymph nodes, peripheral blood leukocytes, and bone marrow.

MTPN is an ankyrin repeat protein, that stimulates protein synthesis and cardiomyocyte growth to commence cardiac hypertrophy by activating the NF-kappaB signaling cascade. Myotrophin participates in cerebellar morphogenesis and takes part in differentiation of cerebellar neurons, particularly of granule cells. High levels of MTPN are expressed in human dilated cardiomyopathic and ischemic hearts.

Chromosome 10 Open Reading Frame 54, also known as C10ORF54 is part of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Like a transmembrane molecule, C10ORF54 is expressed in the bone on embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and on tumor cell surface as well. Accordingly, C10ORF54 supports the differentiation of ESC and ehhances BMP4 induced signaling in ESC, however C10ORF54 is also down regulated following to BMP4 exposure.

Mago-Nashi Homolog B (MAGOHB) is a member of the mago nashi family. MAGOHB involved in mRNA splicing and in the nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) pathway. MAGOHB interacts with RBM8A and is a part of the exon junction complex (EJC) containing NCBP1, NCBP2, RNPS1, RBM8A, SRRM1, NXF1, UPF3B, UPF2 and ALYREF/THOC4.

Marginal zone B- and B1-cell-specific protein (MZB1) functions as a hormone-regulated adipokine/proinflammatory cytokine which is implicated in causing chronic inflammation and affecting cellular expansion. MZB1 links with immunoglobulin M (IgM) heavy and light chains and stimulate s IgM assembly and secretion. MZB1 exerts its effect by acting as a molecular chaperone or as an oxidoreductase as it exhibits a low level of oxidoreductase activity. MZB1 helps to diversify peripheral B-cell functions by regulating Ca(2+) stores, antibody secretion and integrin activation.

Borrelia belongs to a genus of bacteria of the spirochete phylum. Borrelia causes borreliosis, which is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted mainly by ticks and some by lice, depending on the species. Of the 36 known species of Borrelia, 12 are distinguished to cause Lyme disease or borreliosis and are transmitted by ticks. The main Borrelia species causing Lyme disease are Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelii, and Borrelia garinii. The Borrelia genus members have a linear chromosome which is about 900 kbp in length as well as an excess of both linear and circular plasmids in the 5-220 kbp size range. The plasmids are atypical, as compared to most bacterial plasmids, since they contain many paralogous sequences, a large number of pseudogenes and, in some cases, essential genes. Moreover, a number of the plasmids have features suggesting that they are prophages.

Batroxobin is a serin protease that reduces fibronogen levels and is originally extracted from snake venom of Bothrops Atrox. Batroxobin is used in defibrinogenation and thrombolysis and also has an effect on c-fos gene and growth factor.
Batroxobin can efficiently restrain proliferation of VSMCs, by blocking the release and uptake of Ca2+, thus influencing [Ca2+]i.
Batroxobin converts fibrinogen to fibrin through the restricted release of fibrinopeptide-A from fibrinogen to promote blood to clot. Unlike thrombin, it is not affected by heparin and hirudin.

Since April 2012, cases of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) have been identified in various countries. Coronaviruses are the cause of the common cold, SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) and other severe illnesses with high mortality rates, all are classified into coronavirus family. MERS-CoV is a new type of SARS found in the coronavirus family causing severe pneumonia with sudden and serious respiratory illness with high mortality rates as well. Since January 27th 2015, the WHO has reported 956 human cases, including 351 deaths. More cases of the new coronavirus strain are expected. Like in other coronaviruses, large surface spike glycoprotein is a central structural protein of this virus; it is located above the virion surface to bind and enter into the target cell. Spike protein has 2 domains- S1 and S2. The S1 domain is responsible for cellular tropism and interaction with target cell, while the S2 domain is responsible for membrane fusion. The C-terminal of S1 domain contains a receptor binding domain, and is also a potential target for vaccine development and an antigen for diagnosis.

CCL28 is part of the subfamily of small cytokine CC genes. CCL28 shows chemotactic activity for resting CD4 or CD8 T cells and eosinophils. CCL28 binds to chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR10. CCL28 is involved in the physiology of extracutaneous epithelial tissues, including diverse mucosal organs. CCL28 mediates mucosal immunity in HIV exposure and infection. CCL28 is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases.
Human CCL28 cDNA encodes a 127 amino acid residue precursor protein with a putative 22 amino acid residue signal peptide that is cleaved to produce the 105 amino acid residue mature protein. Human and mouse CCL28 are highly conserved, sharing 83% amino acid identity in their mature regions. CCL28 shares the most homology with CCL27/CTACK. Human and mouse CCL28 RNA expression was found to be highest in normal and pathologic colon with the protein being expressed by epithelial cells. Human CCL28 RNA was also present in normal and asthmatic lung tissues.