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Adiponectin (247amino acids) is adipocyte complement-related protein of 30 kDa and exclusively expressed in differentiated adipocytes. APM-1 (Acrp30 Mouse) is a member of the complement factor C1q family and consists of signal sequence, Non-homologous sequence, collagen domain and domain (gAcrp30).
Adiponectin expression is reduced in a variety of obese and insulin-resistant states in human, monkeys and mice. Injection of Acrp30 Mouse (247aa) or gAcrp30 (globular domain) lowers serum glucose and free fatty acid level in mice.

Latexin enzyme is a carboxypeptidase A inhibitor that is highly expressed in the heart, prostate, ovary, kidney, pancrease, brain and colon. Latexin has no noticeable sequence resemblance with plant and parasite inhibitors, however it is related to a human putative tumor suppressor protein, TIG1. Latexin is down-regulated in the presenilin-1-deficient mouse brain, thus putatively playing a role in Alzheimer's disease.

RGS17 weakens the signaling activity of G-proteins by binding to activated GTP-bound G alpha subunits and performing as a GTPase activating protein (GAP), increasing the rate of conversion of the GTP to GDP. This hydrolysis allows the G alpha subunits to bind G beta/gamma subunit heterodimers, creating inactive G-protein heterotrimers, which terminates the signal. RGS17 has a vital part in ending the signaling by mu opioid receptors and development of tolerance to opioid analgesic drugs.

Kallikrein-3 (KLK3) is a part of the kallikrein-related peptidase family. Kallikreins are a subgroup of serine proteases having various physiological functions. Numerous kallikreins take part in carcinogenesis and some may be prospective cancer and other disease biomarkers. Kallikrein-3 is 1 of the 15 kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19 and is a protease present in seminal plasma. KLK3 hydrolyzes semenogelin-1 consequently leading to the liquefaction of the seminal coagulum. KLK3 acts normally in the liquefaction of seminal coagulum, probably by hydrolysis of the high molecular mass seminal vesicle protein. Serum level of the KLK3 protein, called PSA in the clinical setting, is beneficial in the diagnosis and monitoring of prostatic carcinoma.

A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores.

Nucleolin (NCL) which is a eukaryotic nucleolar phosphoprotein, involved in the synthesis and maturation of ribosomes. Nucleolin is the key nucleolar protein of growing eukaryotic cells. NCL is found linked with intranucleolar chromatin and pre-ribosomal particles. NCL induces chromatin decondensation by binding to histone H1. Nucleolin is assumed to have a role in pre-rRNA transcription and ribosome compilation. Nucleolin may also have a role in the process of transcriptional elongation. Nucleolin is located primarily in the dense fibrillar regions of the nucleolus. The Human NCL gene consists of 14 exons with 13 introns and spans approximately 11kb.

SERPINA5 up regulates TAFI activation by inhibiting the protein C activation. SERPINA5 is a significant regulator in the equilibrium between coagulation and fibrinolysis by differentially inhibiting the activation of TAFI and of Protein-C. SERPINA5 belongs to the serpin serine proteinase inhibitor family. SERPINA5 protein inhibits plasminogen activators as well as activated protein C.
SERPINA5 is secreted in plasma & liver. SERPINA5 is involved in cell inflammation, proliferation, apoptosis, tumour cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Moreover, SERPINA5 controls the invasive potential of renal cell carcinoma by inhibiting urinary plasminogen activator secreted by the cells. SERPINA5 participtes in regulating key serine proteases which are involved in metastatic prostate disease.

Kallikreins are serine protease enzymes having various physiological functions.
Kallikreins are implicated in carcinogenesis and have potenital as novel cancer disease biomarkers. KLK1 is one of the fifteen kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19. KLK1 is functionally conserved in its ability to release the vasoactive peptide, Lys-bradykinin, from low molecular weight kininogen.
Human Kallikrein-1, also called as Kallidinogenase, Kininogenase or Kininogenin, is an active protein enzyme present in saliva, pancreatic juices, and urine that catalyzes the proteolysis of bradykininogen to bradykinin.
Kallikrein-1, which derived from human or porcine, have been used as drugs for a long time, they are mainly used in the treatment f light to medium hypertension and occlusion of cerebral and surrounding blood vessels.
KLK1 demonstrates both trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like selectivities with Tyr/Arg preferred at site P1, Ser/Arg strongly preferred at P1', and Phe/Leu at P2.
rs5517 in the KLK1 gene is considerably connected with hypertension in a Chinese Han population. KLK1 is expressed de novo in endothelial cells and mediates relaxation of human umbilical veins. The K allele of KLK1 promoter and TT genotype of TGF-beta1 are a genetic KLK1 -130 GN and -128 G-C, and the defenselessness factor contributing to progressive renal descent in Taiwanese primary vesicoureteric reflux children.
Induction of KLK1 in carotid arteriosclerosis doesn’t lead to kallikrein-kinins pathway activation. Transgenic rats expressing KLK1 have impaired renal response to acute volume expansion Endothelial cells synthesize and release active form of KLK1on the surface which is important function in maintenance of circulation homeostasis.
KLK1 participates in epidermal desquamation through cleavage of desmoglein 1 and regulation by lympho-epithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor (LEKTI).

Activin A Receptor Type 1 (ACVR1) is a member of TGF-beta serine/threonine kinase receptor family. ACVR1 forms a receptor complex contains2 type II and 2 type I transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. Type II receptors phosphorylate and activate type I receptors which autophosphorylate,bind and activate SMAD transcriptional regulators. ACVR1 takes part in left-right pattern formation during embryogenesis and is also essential in the BMP pathway which is responsible for the development and repair of the skeletal system.ACVR1 is linked to Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva which isknown for the formation of heterotopic bone throughout the body.

Human Adiponectin is a secreted protein expressed exclusively in differentiated adipocyte (adipokine). Adiponectin contains a modular structure comprising an N-terminal collagenous domain followed by a C-terminal globular domain. APM-1 plays a role in various physiological processes such as energy homeostasis and obesity. Plasma levels of adiponectin are reduced in obese humans, and decreased levels are associated with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia.

SGTA is a ubiquitously expressed protein that contains three TPR protein-protein interaction duplicates. SGTA takes part as a component of the androgen receptor (AR)-chaperone-cochaperone complex, functions as a cochaperone and participates in androgen signaling. SGTA binds directly to HSC70 and HSP70 and mediates their ATPase activity. SGTA gene encodes a protein that is able to interact with the chief nonstructural protein of parvovirus H-1 and 70-kDa heat shock cognate. In addition, SGTA interacts with Vpu and Gag from HIV-1, SARS-CoV accessory protein 7a, DNAJC5 and DNAJC5B. Since this transcript is expressed universally in several tissues, SGTA serves a housekeeping function. While being involved in apoptosis and androgen signaling, SGTA is a possible molecule for polycystic ovary syndrome, a disorder characterized by androgen excess, obesity and menstrual disturbances.

GH is a member of the somatotropin/prolactin family of hormones which play an important role in growth control. The gene, along with four other related genes, is located at the growth hormone locus on chromosome 17 where they are interspersed in the same transcriptional orientation; an arrangement which is thought to have evolved by a series of gene duplications. The five genes share a remarkably high degree of sequence identity. Alternative splicing generates additional isoforms of each of the five growth hormones, leading to further diversity and potential for specialization. This particular family member is expressed in the pituitary but not in placental tissue as is the case for the other four genes in the growth hormone locus. Mutations in or deletions of the gene lead to growth hormone deficiency and short stature.

Vaspin (visceral adipose-specific SERPIN), a newly identified adipokine, which is a member of serine protease inhibitor family. Vaspin is also a unique insulin sensitizing adipocytokine in obesity. A recent publication indicates that induction of human vaspin mRNA expression in adipose tissue is regulated in a fat depot-specific manner and could be associated with parameters of obesity, insulin resistance, and glucose metabolism.

Procalcitonin is a peptide hormone mainly produced by the C cells of the thyroid and certain endocrine cells of the lung. Under normal expression conditions, procalcitonin is immediately cleaved into three specific fragments, an N terminal residue, calcitonin and katacalcin. Levels of unprocessed procalcitonin rise significantly after bacterial infection, trauma or shock.

Cystatin E/M or CST6 is part of the cystatin type 2 family. Part of the cystatin type 2 family members can act as cysteine protease inhibitors, whereas cystatin E/M regulates cathepsin B inhibitors and not cathepsin C. cystatin E/M is a protein the when secreted, has an effect on osteogenesis and bone resorption, insulin regulation, response to systemic inflammation & hepatocyte growth factor receptors.

Myostatin (GDF-8), a member of the TGFbeta superfamily, is a potent and specific negative regulator of skeletal muscle mass. In serum, myostatin circulates as part of a latent complex containing myostatin propeptide and/or follistatin-related gene. The myostatin propeptide is known to bind and inhibit myostatin in vitro. This interaction is relevant in vivo, with a majority (>70%) of myostatin in serum bound to its propeptide. The myostatin propeptide is negative regulator of myostatin in vivo.

SERPINI1 (Neuroserpin) is an inhibitory serpin which is expressed primarily in the central nervous system. Even though the physiological target of SERPINI1 is still vague, amassed evidence suggest that SERPINI1 has an imperative role in controlling proteolytic degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) during synaptogenesis and the subsequent development of neuronal plasticity. The neuroprotective role of SERPINI1 has been demonstrated in transgenic mice lacking SERPINI1 expression. The deficiency of SERPINI1 in these mice is linked with motor neuron disease characterized by axonal degradation. In humans, defects in SERPINI1, caused by point mutations in the neuroserpin gene, trigger a hereditary disorder known as the familial encephalopathy with neuroserpin inclusion bodies (FENIB).

EXOSC10 is a nucleolar protein and represents one crucial component of the so-called "PM/Scl complex" or "nuclear exosome", which is an RNA-processing complex consisting of a number of exoribonucleases (not to be confused with certain multivesicular bodies which are shed by cultured cells into the culture fluid and are also called exosomes).
Autoantibodies against EXOSC10 occur in patients suffering from polymyositis, scleroderma or polymyositis/scleroderma overlap syndromes. While antibodies to other components of the exosome complex (PM/Scl 75, several Rrp proteins) can be found in some sera, practically all patients with autoantibodies against the PM/Scl complex are positive for EXOSC10 antibodies, making this specificity an important marker. The presence of EXOSC10 autoantibodies is a comparatively "good" prognostic sign in polymyositis/scleroderma overlap syndrome unlike the poor prognosis seen when other myositis and systemic sclerosis specific autoantibodies are present.

Prefoldin subunit 2 (PFDN2) belongs to the prefoldin beta subunit family. The PFDN2 protein is one of 6 subunits of prefoldin, which is a molecular chaperone complex that binds and stabilizes newly synthesized polypeptides, thus allowing them to fold correctly. PFDN2 binds specifically to cytosolic chaperonin (c-CPN) and transfers target proteins to it. PFDN2 also binds to a nascent polypeptide chain and promotes folding in an setting in which there are many competing pathways for nonnative proteins.

Fibrinogen silencer-binding protein (FSBP), interacts with X11alpha. The X11alpha/FSBP complex send signals to the nucleus in order to repress glycogen synthase kinase-3beta promoter activity. X11alpha is a neuronal adaptor protein that interacts with the amyloid precursor protein (APP) via a centrally located phosphotyrosine binding domain to inhibit the production of Abeta peptide that is deposited in Alzheimer's diseased brains.

FSTL1 protein resembles follistatin, an activin-binding protein. FSTL1 is an autoantigen associated with rheumatoid arthritis and it holds an FS section, a follistatin-like sequence having 10 conserved cysteine residues.