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HIBCH enzyme is in charge of hydrolysis of both HIBYL-CoA and beta-hydroxypropionyl-CoA. Damages in the HIBCH gene linked to 3-hyroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase deficiency. Multiple transcript variants exist as a result of alternative splicing.

DBH catalyzes the chemical reaction. DBH is an oxidoreductase which belongs to the copper type II, ascorbate-dependent monooxygenase family, in particular those performing on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated can not be derived from O2 with reduced ascorbate as one donor, as well as incorporation of one ato of oxygen into the other donor.

AKR1C4 is a member of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily that has over 40 known enzymes and proteins. AKR1C4 enables the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols by using NADH and/or NADPH as cofactors. AKR1C4 takes part in the bioreduction of chlordecone, a toxic organochlorine pesticide, to chlordecone alcohol in liver.

Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, thus committing glucose to the glycolytic pathway. HK3 encodes hexokinase 3. Similar to hexokinases 1 and 2, this allosteric enzyme is inhibited by its product glucose-6-phosphate. Hexokinase3 lacks the hydrophobic N-terminal sequence critical for targeting to mitochondria. Hexpkinase3 may have anabolic functions, providing H6P for glycogen or lipid synthesis.

HPGD is the essential enzyme of prostaglandin degradation. 15-PGDH protein strongly decreases the biologic activity of these molecules by catalyzing the oxidation of the 15-hydroxyl group of prostaglandins to a keto group. GDH1 is involved in numerous physiologic and cellular processes, for instance inflammation.

HP-NAP protects DNA from oxidative damage by sequestering intracellular Fe2+ ion and storing it in the form of Fe3+ oxyhydroxide mineral. One hydrogen peroxide oxidizes two Fe2+ ions, thus preventing hydroxyl radical production by the Fenton reaction. HP-NAP is necessary for the survival in the presence of oxidative stress. Dps is also a virulence factor which activates neutrophils, mast cells and monocytes. HP-NAP binds to neutrophil-glycosphingolipids and to sulfated carbohydrates on mucin. HP-NAP might play a part in the accumulation of neutrophils and monocytes at the site of infection. HP-NAP induces superoxide anion generation, adhesion and chemotaxis of neutrophils, via a pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway involving MAP kinases.

This E2 enzyme encodes for the human homolog of the yeast DNA repair gene RAD6, which is induced by DNA damaging agents. UBE2B can conjugate ubiquitin to histone H2A in an E3- independent manner in vitro, and is essential for the multi-ubiquitination and degradation of N-end rule substrates. Additionally, UBE2B may have a role in sepsis-induced muscle protein proteolysis and cancer-induced cachexia.

GOT1 is a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme which exists in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial forms, GOT1 and GOT2, which participate in amino acid metabolism and the urea and tricarboxylic acid cycles. Both enzymes are homodimeric and show close homology.

Glutathione reductase (GSR) belongs to the class-I pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family. The GSR enzyme is a homodimeric flavoprotein and has a role in maintaining glutathione (GSH) in its reduced form by catalyzing the reduction of glutathione disulfide (GSSG): GSSG + NADPH + H+ ->2GSH + NADP+. In the majority of eukaryotic cells, GSR upholds the ratio of [GSH] / [GSSG], and partakes in quite a few critical functions such as the detoxification of reactive oxygen species as well as protein and DNA biosynthesis.

The enzyme horseradish peroxidase, found in horseradish, is used extensively in molecular biologyand in antibody amplification and detection, among other things. For example, "In recent years the technique of marking neurons with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) has become a major tool. In its brief history, this method has probably been used by more neurobiologists than have used the Golgi stainsince its discovery in 1870." Horseradish peroxidase is also highly used in techniques such as Western blottingand ELISAs.
HRP is widely used as an enzymatic label in immunoassays. Usually, the enzyme is coupled to antibodies, lectins or haptens. Coupling to antibodies etc. may be performed through the carbohydrate side chains of the HRP.

Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an enzyme that reduces dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid, with NADPH as electron donor that can be converted to the kinds of tetrahydrofolate cofactors applied in 1-carbon transfer chemistry. DHFR converts dihydrofolate into tetrahydrofolate, which is a methyl group shuttle required for the de novo synthesis of purines, thymidylic acid, and specific amino acids. Even though the functional DHFR gene is mapped to chromosome 5, numerous intronless processed pseudogenes or dihydrofolate reductase-like genes are identified on separate chromosomes. DHFR deficiency is associated with megaloblastic anemia. DHFR knockdown plays a role in the anticancer activity of 2-hydroxyoleic acid. DHFR gene insertion/deletion polymorphism is linked to variation in serum and red blood cell folate concentrations in women.

NDUFV3 is one of no less than 41 subunits which form the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex that is involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and assists in catalyzing the rotenone-sensitive oxidation of NADH and the reduction of ubiquinone. NDUFV3 is 1 of 3 proteins found in the flavoprotein fraction of the complex but it exact function is unknown. Two transcript variants encoding altered isoforms are known for this gene.

Isocitrate Dehydrogenase is an enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate and NAD+ to yield 2-ketoglutarate, carbon dioxide, and NADH. It occurs in cell mitochondria. The enzyme requires Mg2+, Mn2+; it is activated by ADP, citrate, and Ca2+, and inhibited by NADH, NADPH, and ATP. The reaction is the key rate-limiting step of the citric acid (tricarboxylic) cycle.

Ectodysplasin A Receptor, also known as EDAR belongs to the tumor necrosis factor receptor family. EDAR is a receptor for the soluble ligand ectodysplasin A, and is capable of activating the nuclear factor-kappaB, JNK, as well as caspase-independent cell death pathways. EDAR is necessary for the development of hair, teeth, and other ectodermal derivatives. Furthermore, mutations in EDAR resulted in autosomal dominant and recessive forms of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.

Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 epsilon-1 (EEF1E1) shares sequence similarity with the amino-terminal ends of the Beta and Gamma subunits of EF-1. By specifically interacting with MetRS, EEF1E1 binds to a macromolecular tRNA synthtase complex which catalyzes the ligation of specific amino acids to their cognate tRNAs. Upon DNA damage, EEF1E1 translocates to the nucleus where it interacts with ATM and ATR, resulting in p53 activation.

IFN-gamma produced by lymphocytes activated by specific antigens or mitogens.
IFN-gamma, in addition to having antiviral activity, has important immunoregulatory functions, it is a potent activator of macrophages, and has antiproliferative effects on transformed cells and it can potentiate the antiviral and antitumor effects of the type I interferons.

GSTM3 belongs to the glutathione s-transferase (GST) family of proteins. There are eight GST proteins families, named alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. Each one of the GST families has several proteins with different functions throughout the cell. The mu type of enzymes takes part in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including therapeutic drugs, carcinogens, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione.

GSTT2 belongs to the glutathione s-transferase (GST) family of proteins. There are eight GST proteins families, named alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. Each one of the GST families has several proteins with different functions throughout the cell. The theta type members GSTT1 and GSTT2 have a 55% aa sequence homology and hold a vital role in human carcinogenesis. The theta genes are structurally similar – each has five exons with identical exon/intron boundaries.

Glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL) converts from inactive phosphorylase B to active phosphorylase A by phosphorylation of serine residue 15. Activity of the PYGL enzyme is further regulated by numerous allosteric effectors and hormonal controls. The liver isozyme supplies the glycemic demands of the body in general whereas the brain and muscle isozymes supply just those tissues.

Epiregulin is part of the EGF family. Epiregulin functions as a ligand of EGFR, as well as a ligand of most members of the ERBB (v-erb-b2 oncogene homolog) family of tyrosine-kinase receptors.Epiregulin is expressed mostly in the placenta and peripheral blood leukocytes and in specific carcinomas of the bladder, lung, kidney and colon. Epiregulin stimulates the proliferation of keratinocytes, hepatocytes, fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells. Epiregulin inhibits the growth of several tumor-derived epithelial cell lines. Human Epiregulin is initially synthesized as a glycosylated 19.0 kDa transmembrane precursor protein, which is processed by proteolytic cleavage to produce a 6.0 kDa mature secreted sequence.

Methionine aminopeptidases and designated peptidase M proteins belong to the M24 family of proteins. MAP protein removes the amino-terminal methionine residue from nascent polypeptides. The active site of MAP contains 2 adjacent divalent metal ions connected by a water molecule or hydroxide ion.

Helicobacter pylori, a Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium that populates in the stomach, predominantly at the antrum. Helicobacter pylori causes a chronic inflammation of the mucoid lining of stomach and is highly related to the growth of duodenal and gastric ulcers and stomach cancer. Over 50% of the world's population harbor H. pylori in their upper gastrointestinal tract, infection is more prevalent in developing countries. Thus far, no ideal target H. pylori antigen has been developed for the diagnostic purpose. 23 kDa H. pylori outer membrane protein was identified with a good sensitivity and coverage in the diagnosis of H. pylori infection.

IL-17Ealso called IL-25,has a sequence similarity with IL17. IL-17E indluces NF-kappaB activation, and stimulates the production of IL-8. IL17E and IL17B are ligands for the cytokine receptor IL17BR. IL-25 is a proinflammatory cytokine favoring Th2-type immune response. The upregulation of costimulation-induced IL-17E receptors and release of cytokines and chemokines from IL-17E treated costimulated Th cells are differentially regulated by intracellular JNK, p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB activity. Blocking Iinterleukin-25 prevents airway hyperresponsiveness, a critical feature of clinical asthma. IL25 produced by innate effector eosinophils and basophils increase the allergic inflammation by enhancing the maintenance and functions of TSLP-DC activated adaptive Th2 memory cells. Over expression of IL-25 up-regulates gene expression of Th2 cytokines and induces growth retardation, jaundice, and multiorgan inflammation in a transgenic mouse model. IL-25 contributes to the induction and maintenance of eosinophilic inflammation by acting on lung fibroblasts which supports the fact that IL-17E is an important factor in asthma pathophysiology. IL-17E operates by amplifying TH2 cell-mediated allergic airway inflammation but doesn’t induce allergic inflammation in vivo.

Phl p 12.0101 a profilin, is a minor grass pollen allergen which is involved in cytoskeleton mobility by interacting with actin filaments. It is well recognized that IgE binding can cause immune cross-reactivity with profilins of plant-derived foods and pollen profilin.