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The 26S proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex with a well ordered structure composed of two complexes- a 20S core and a 19S regulator. PSMD11 is a non-ATPase subunit of the 19S regulator. The 20S core is composed of four rings of 28 non-identical subunits; two rings are composed of 7 alpha subunits and two rings are composed of 7 beta subunits. The 19S regulator is composed of a base that contains six ATPase subunits and two non-ATPase subunits, and a lid that contains up to ten non-ATPase subunits. Proteasomes are spread throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway. An indispensable function of a modified proteasome, the immunoproteasome, is the processing of class I MHC peptides.

Ostreolysin is extracted from Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom). It is a pore forming protein, which contains a lytic part to both cholesterol and sphingomyelin containing membranes. Because of their cholesterol content and the appearance of ostreolysin in the detergent resistant membranes, ostreolysin is cytotoxic towards the ovary cells of Chinese hamster. It seems that Ostreolysin spots a rich lipid cholesterol phase, presumably the liquid ordered phase.

IFN-gamma produced by lymphocytes activated by specific antigens or mitogens.
IFN-gamma, in addition to having antiviral activity, has important immunoregulatory functions, it is a potent activator of macrophages, and has antiproliferative effects on transformed cells and it can potentiate the antiviral and antitumor effects of the type I IFNs.

Cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC/ NNT-1) belongs to the IL-6 family of cytokines. All family members share the receptor subunit gp130, which belongs to the type I cytokine receptor superfamily. NNT1 is a trophic factor for motor neurons, a stimulator of ACTH release from corticotrophs, and an inducer of IgE synthesis and B cell proliferation. Cells expressing NNT-1 include embryonic muscle, lung epithelium, and mesenchyme. NNT1 binds to and activates the ILST/gp130 receptor.

Nectin-1, also referred to as ED4, is a poliovirus receptor- related 1 protein is a part of the Nectin family. Nectin-1 endorses cell-cell contacts by forming homophilic or heterophilic trans-dimers. Heterophilic interactions among PVRL1/nectin-1 & PVRL4/nectin-4 and among PVRL1/nectin-1 & PVRL3/nectin-3 have been found. Nectin-1 acts as an entry receptor for herpes simplex virus & pseudorabies virus as well. Likewise, Neurite outgrowth-promoting activity has been shown by Nectin-1.

Endothelial cell-specific molecule 1 (ESM1) is a proteoglycan secreted by endothelial cells (mostly in the human lung and kidney tissues) and its mRNA expression is regulated by inflammatory cytokines. ESM1 has potent implications in lung endothelial cell-leukocyte interactions. In addition, ESM1 expression is detected in various epithelia and in adipocytes. ESM1 is involved in angiogenesis and it also promotes angiogenic sprouting. ESM1 expression is upregulated by TNF alpha, IL1 beta, or lipopolysaccharide and downregulated by IFN gamma. Genetically engineered cells overexpressing ESM1 induce tumor formation, implying that ESM1 might be involved in the pathophysiology of tumor growth in vivo.

CD138 takes a part in cell adhesion. CD138 is expressed on the surface of pre-B cells and plasma cells but is absent from mature B cells. SDC1 is a selective marker for B cell lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoplasmacytoid leukemia. SDC1 is missing from the apoptotic myeloma cells; therefore is a valuable marker for plasma cell and myeloma cells.

DCTN2 is a 50kDa subunit of dynactin, which is a macromolecular complex consisting of 10-11 subunits ranging in size from 22 to 150 kDa. Dynactin binds to both microtubules and cytoplasmic dynein. Dynactin is involved in a various cellular functions, including ER-to-Golgi transport, the centripetal movement of lysosomes and endosomes, spindle formation, chromosome movement, nuclear positioning, and axonogenesis. The DCTN2 subunit is present in 4-5 copies per dynactin molecule. DCTN2 is comprised of 3 short alpha-helical coiled-coil domains which mediate association with self or other dynactin subunits. DCTN2 interacts directly with the largest subunit (p150) of dynactin and is able to affix p150 in place. DCTN2 modulates cytoplasmic dynein binding to an organelle, and plays a part in prometaphase chromosome alignment and spindle organization during mitosis. DCTN2 is involved in anchoring microtubules to centrosomes. DCTN2 has a role in synapse formation during brain development.

SNF8 belongs to the SNF8 family of vacuolar sorting proteins and is restricts to both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. SNF8 is a subunit of the endosomal sorting complex essential for transport II (ESCRT-II), which is necessary for multivesicular body (MVB) formation and sorting of endosomal cargo proteins into MVBs. The MVB pathway facilitates transfer of transmembrane proteins into the lumen of the lysosome for degradation. Additionally, the ESCRT-II complex takes part in transcription regulation by contributing to derepression of transcription by RNA polymerase II, probably by its interface with ELL.

Cytokeratin 16, also known as KRT16, is a member of the keratin gene family. KRT16 which acts as a regulator of innate immunity in response to skin barrier breach is required for some inflammatory checkpoint for the skin barrier maintenance. KRT16 is coexpressed with keratin 14 in a few epithelial tissues as esophagus, tongue, and hair follicles.

E-cadherin (uvomorulin, cell-CAM120/80) is a calcium dependent cell adhesion molecule expressed predominately in epithelial tissues. It plays an important role in the growth and development of cells via the mechanisms of control of tissue architecture and the maintenance of tissue integrity. Numerous studies have demonstrated that reduction and/or loss of Ecadherin expression in carcinomas correlates positively with the potential of these tumors for invasion and metastasis.

P-Selectin also called Platelet Alpha-Granule Membrane Protein, CD62, and Granulocyte Membrane Protein GRMP belongs to a family of divalent cation-dependent carbohydrate-binding glycoproteins or adhesion molecules. Pselectin is expressed transiently on the surface of activated platelets and endothelial cells. P-Selectin is a 140 kDa protein which is stored in the alpha-granules of platelets and Weibel-Palade bodies of endothelial cells. Secreted P-selectin is thought to play a key role in the adhesion of platelets to monocytes and neutrophils during an inflammatory response. P-Selectin is a calcium-dependent receptor that binds to sialylated forms of Lewis blood group carbohydrate antigens on neutrophils and monocytes. Levels of P-Selectin may be elevated in a number of pathological conditions.

Tropomyosin alpha-3 chain (TPM3) belongs to the tropomyosin family of actin-binding proteins involved in the contractile system of striated and smooth muscles and the cytoskeleton of non-muscle cells. Tropomyosins are dimers of coiled-coil proteins which polymerize end-to-end along the major groove in most actin filaments. Tropomyosins give stability to the filaments and regulate access of other actin-binding proteins. In muscle cells, tropomyosins regulate muscle contraction by controlling the binding of myosin heads to the actin filament. Mutations in the TPM3 gene cause autosomal dominant nemaline myopathy, and oncogenes formed by chromosomal translocations involving this locus are linked with cancer.

Stress-Induced Protein SAM22 (Gly m 4.0101) causes an allergic reaction in humans. Gly m 4 is the main soy allergen for patients allergic to birch pollen with soy allergy.

SNTN is a member of to the S-100 family. SNTN is localized solely to the bridging structure between the cell membrane and peripheral singlet microtubules that specifically exists in the narrowed distal portion of cilia. Exogenously expressed sentan displayed affinity for the membrane protrusions, and a protein-lipid binding assay discovered that sentan bounds to phosphatidylserine which indicate that sentan is the leading molecular component of the ciliary tip to link the cell membrane and peripheral singlet microtubules, making the distal portion of the cilia narrow and stiff to permit better airway approval or ovum transport.

Nucleophosmin (NPM1) is a phosphoprotein which shuffles between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. NPM1 is assumed to be involved in a number of processes including regulation of the ARF/p53 pathway. Several genes fusion partners have been described, particularly the anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene on chromosome 2. NPM1 gene mutations are linked with acute myeloid leukemia.

Synaptojanin 2 Binding Protein (SYNJ2BP) contains 1 PDZ (DHR) domain which binds to isoform 2A of SYNJ2 (through the unique motif in the C-terminus) and interacts with MAPK12.

SEMA7A (semaphorin-7A isoform 1), is a membrane-bound semaphorin which is linked with cell surfaces via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linkage. SEMA7A encourages formation of focal adhesion complexes, activation of the protein kinase PTK2/FAK1 and subsequent phosphorylation of MAPK3 & MAPK1. SEMA7A takes a vital part in integrin-mediated signaling and functions in regulating cell migration as well as immune responses. In addition, SEMA7A promotes the production of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages & monocytes.

Lysostaphin, an endopeptidase specific for the cell wall peptidoglycan of staphylococci, is an extremely potent anti-staphylococcal agent. Lysostaphin is used as a research and diagnostic tool. Because it lyses staphylococci efficiently, it is widely used when preparing staphylococcal DNA or other cellular components for genetic and biochemical studies and for the preparation of protoplasts for transformation. Preparation and analysis of bacterial DNA has become a powerful tool used by clinical and other microbiologists in epidemiological studies aimed at tracing sources of infection or bacterial contamination.

Thioredoxins are small disulphide-containing redox proteins (within the conserved Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys active site) that have been found in all the kingdoms of living organisms. Thioredoxin contains a single disulfide active site and serves as a general protein disulphide oxidoreductase. Thioredoxins are involved in the first unique step in DNA synthesis. It interacts with a broad range of proteins by a redox mechanism based on reversible oxidation of two cysteine thiol groups to a disulphide, accompanied by the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The net result is the covalent interconversion of a disulphide and a dithiol. Trx also provides control over a number of transcription factors affecting cell proliferation and death through a mechanism referred to as redox regulation. It has been suggested that thioredoxin may catalyze the formation of correct disulfides during protein folding because of its ability to act as an efficient oxidoreductant. This could be especially useful in

Glutaminyl-Peptide Cyclotransferase, also known as QPCT is a member of the glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase family. QPCT is responsible for the biosynthesis of pyroglutamyl peptides. Furthermore, QPCT is partial against acidic and tryptophan residues adjacent to the N-terminal glutaminyl residue and a lack of importance of chain length following the second residue. QPCT catalyzes N-terminal pyroglutamate formation, also in vitro, it catalyzes pyroglutamate formation of N-terminally truncated form of APP amyloid-beta peptides [Glu-3]-beta-amyloid.

ARL2 is a member of the ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family. ARL2 functions as a component of a secretory pathway which is involved in the Ca2-dependent release of acetylcholine. ARL2 has a role in the folding of tubule proteins, thus playing a significant role in microtubule dynamics and cell cycle progression. Unlike other members of the ARF family, ARL2 doesn’t act as an activator of the catalytic subunit of cholera toxin.

TSFM is a mitochondrial translation elongation factor which is linked with the EF-Tu.GDP complex and induces the exchange of GDP to GTP. TSFM stays bound to the aminoacyl-tRNA.EF-Tu.GTP complex until the GTP hydrolysis stage on the ribosome. Mutations in TSFM are related with combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency-3 syndrome.