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Troponin I (TnI), troponin T (TnT) and troponin C (TnC) form the troponin complex of the thin filaments of striated muscle. TnI is acts as the inhibitory subunit by blocking actin-myosin interactions and thereby mediating striated muscle relaxation. The TnI subfamily contains 3 genes: TnI-skeletal-fast-twitch, TnI-skeletal-slow-twitch, and TnI-cardiac. The TNNI3 gene encodes the TnI-cardiac protein and is exclusively expressed in cardiac muscle tissues. Mutations in the TNNI3 gene cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy type 7 (CMH7) and familial restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM).

BAK1 is a member of the BCL2 protein family. The BCL2 family members form oligomers or heterodimers and act as anti- or pro-apoptotic regulators which are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities. The BAK1 gene encodes a receptor-like kinase (RLK) with a putative extracellular domain, a single transmembrane domain, an intracellular-juxtamembrane domain, and a kinase domain. BAK1 localizes to mitochondria, and functions to induce apoptosis. BAK1 interacts with and accelerates the opening of the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel, leading to a loss in membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c. Furthermore, BAK1 interacts with the tumor suppressor P53 after exposure to cell stress. BAK1 expression is linked to the progression of Prostate cancer.

Integrin beta 1, also known as CD29, is a 130 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein that forms noncovalent complexes with various Integrin alpha subunits (including alpha 1, alpha 2, alpha 3, alpha 4, alpha 5, and alpha 6, also known as CD49a, CD49b, CD49c, CD49d, CD49e, and CD49f, respectively) to form the functional receptors that bind to specific extracellular matrix proteins. Integrin receptors are involved in the regulation of a variety of important biological functions, including embryonic development, wound repair, hemostasis, and prevention of programmed cell death. They are also implicated in abnormal pathological states such as tumor directed angiogenesis, tumor cell growth, and metastasis. These heterodimeric receptors bridge the cytoplasmic actin cytoskeleton with proteins present in the extracellular matrix and/or on adjacent cells. The clustering of integrins on a cell surface leads to the formation of focal contacts. Interactions between integrins and the extracellular matrix l

SARS Coronavirus is an enveloped virus containing three outer structural proteins, namely the membrane (M), envelope (E), and spike (S) proteins. Spike (S)-glycoprotein of the virus interacts with a cellular receptor and mediates membrane fusion to allow viral entry into susceptible target cells. Accordingly, S-protein plays an important role in virus infection cycle and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies.
It has recently been shown that SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) is caused by a human coronavirus. Human coronaviruses are the major cause of upper respiratory tract illness, such as the common cold, in humans. Coronaviruses are positive-stranded RNA viruses, featuring the largest viral RNA genomes known to date (27-31 kb). The first step in coronavirus infection is binding of the viral spike protein, a 139-kDa protein, to certain receptors on host cells. The spike protein is the main surface antigen of the coronavirus. The glycosilated spike protein (as well as the nucleocapsid protein) can be detected in infected cell culture supernatants with antisera from SARS patients.

BDNF promotes the survival of neuronal populations that are all located either in the central nervous system or directly connected to it. Major regulator of synaptic transmission and plasticity at adult synapses in many regions of the cns. the versatility of bdnf is emphasized by its contribution to a range of adaptive neuronal responses including long-term potentiation (ltp), long-term depression (ltd), certain forms of short-term synaptic plasticity, as well as homeostatic regulation of intrinsic neuronal excitability.

CD86 type I membrane protein is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily which is expressed by antigen-presenting cells, and acts as the ligand for two proteins at the cell surface of T cells, CD28 antigen and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4. CD86 binding with CD28 protein is a co-stimulatory signal for initiation of the T-cell. CD86 binding with CTLA-4 negatively regulates T-cell activation and diminishes the immune response.

CD3 has four peptide chains (gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta) that form CD3. Defects in CD3 are associated with T cell immunodeficiency CD3 complex mediates signal transduction.

Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, thus committing glucose to the glycolytic pathway. Hexokinase 2 is the predominant form found in skeletal muscle. It localizes to the outer membrane of mitochondria. Expression of this gene is insulin-responsive, and studies in rat suggest that it is involved in the increased rate of glycolysis seen in rapidly growing cancer cells.

Adipocyte fatty acid binding protein FABP4 is a 15 kDa member of the intracellular fatty acid binding protein (FABP) family, which is known for the ability to bind fatty acids and related compounds (bile acids or retinoids) in an internal cavity. FABP4 is expressed in a differentiation-dependent fashion in adipocytes and is a critical gene in the regulation of the biological function of these cells. In mice, targeted mutations in FABP4 provide significant protection from hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in the context of both dietary and genetic obesity. Adipocytes obtained from FABP4-deficient mice also have reduced efficiency of ipolysis in vitro and in vivo, and these mice exhibited moderately improved systemic dyslipidemia. Recent studies also demonstrated FABP4 expression in macrophages upon differentiation and activation. In these cells, FABP4 modulates inflammatory responses and cholesterol ester accumulation, and total or macrophage-specific FABP4 deficiency confers dram

HBsAg is the surface antigenof the Hepatitis-B-Virus (HBV). The capsidof a virus has different surface proteins from the rest of the virus. The antigen is a protein that binds specifically on one of these surface proteins. It is commonly referred to as the Australian Antigen.

IL2-Ra is one of the three constituent subunits of the IL2 receptor. IL-2Ra is released into the serum after increased cellular expression such as increased activation of B and T cells. Clinical manifestations of IL2-Ra elevation include autoimmune conditions and some leukemias and lymphomas.

GAS7 is mainly expressed in terminally differentiated brain cells and predominantly in mature cerebellar Purkinje neurons. GAS7 is involved in neuronal development by promoting maturation and morphological differentiation of cerebellar neurons. Inhibition of GAS7 production in terminally differentiating cultures of embryonic murine cerebellum impedes neurite outgrowth. Over-expression of GAS7 initiats the development of human osteosarcoma.

IL-12 is a heterodimeric cytokine that stimulates the production of interferon gamma from T-cells and natural killer cells, and also induces differentiation of Th1 helper cells. It is an initiator of cell-mediated immunity.

IL2 is a secreted cytokine that is important for the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. The receptor of this cytokine is a heterotrimeric protein complex whose gamma chain is also shared by interleukin 4 (IL4) and interleukin 7 (IL7). The expression of this gene in mature thymocytes is monoallelic, which represents an unusual regulatory mode for controlling the precise expression of a single gene. The targeted disruption of a similar gene in mice leads to ulcerative colitis-like disease, which suggests an essential role of this gene in the immune response to antigenic stimuli.

GST family of enzymes comprises a long list of cytosolic, mitochondrial, and microsomal proteins that are 45-55 kDa (dimer form) size and are capable of multiple reactions with a multitude of substrates, both endogenous and xenobiotic. GST catalyses the conjugation of reduced glutathione meaning the sulfhydryl group, to electrophilic centers on a wide variety of substrates. This activity is useful in the detoxification of endogenous compounds such as peroxidised lipids, as well as the metabolism of xenobiotics. GST binds toxins and function as transport protein. Glutathione S-transferase is used to create the so-called 'GST gene fusion system'. The GST is used to purify and detect proteins of interest. In a GST gene fusion system, the GST sequence is incorporated into an expression vector alongside the gene sequence encoding the protein of interest. Induction of protein expression from the vector's multiple cloning sites results in expression of a fusion protein - the protein of interest fused to the GST protein. This GST-fusion protein can then be purified from cells via its high affinity for glutathione. Fusion proteins offer an important biological assay for direct protein-to-protein interactions. The GST tag has the size of 220 amino acids, which, compared to other tags like the myc- or the FLAG-tag, is quite big. It is fused to the N-terminus of a protein. However, many commercially-available sources of GST-tagged plasmids include a thrombin domain for cleavage of the GST tag during protein purification. A GST-tag is often used to separate and purify proteins that contain the GST-fusion. GST-fusion proteins can be produced in Escherichia coli, as recombinant proteins.

Immature Colon Carcinoma Transcript 1 (ICT1) functions as a codon-independent translation release factor that has lost all stop codon specificity and leads the termination of translation in mitochondrion in case of abortive elongation. The mature colon epithelium has 3 differentiated cell types which arise from a multipotent stem cell. ICT1 is involved in the hydrolysis of peptidyl-tRNAs which have been prematurely terminated and consequently in the recycling of stalled mitochondrial ribosomes. Digression from the normal maturation pathway by neoplastic transformation is assumed to originate in stem cells or their early descendants.

IMP3 is the human homolog of the yeast Imp3 protein and Essential for the early cleavages during pre-18S ribosomal RNA processing. IMP3 is a Part of the 60-80S U3 small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (U3 snoRNP). IMP3 is a member of to the ribosomal protein S4P family and localizes to the nucleoli and interacts with the U3 snoRNP complex. IMP3 contains an S4 domain. U3 small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein protein IMP3 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the IMP3 gene.

APP is a cell surface receptor and transmembrane precursor protein which is cleaved by secretases to form a number of peptides. Some of these peptides are secreted and can bind to the acetyltransferase complex APBB1/TIP60 to promote transcriptional activation, while others form the protein basis of the amyloid plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease. Mutations in the APP gene are implicated in autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease and cerebroarterial amyloidosis (cerebral amyloid angiopathy).

SBDS is part of an extremely preserved protein family which exists from archaea to vertebrates and plants. SBDS protein functions in RNA metabolism and has a role in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosomal subunit and translational activation of ribosomes. Shwachman-Diamond syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder produced by mutations in the SBDS gene.

TBCB is a member of the Microtubules family. Biosynthesis of functional microtubules include the involvement of a number of chaperones, termed Tubulin folding cofactors A (TBCA), B (TBCB), C (TBCC), D (TBCD) and E (TBCE), which operate on folding intermediates downstream of the cytosolic chaperon, known as TCP. The 244 amino acid cytoplasmic protein TBCB has one CAP-Gly domain and is universally expressed. TBCB takes part in the regulation of tubulin heterodimer dissociation and operates as a negative regulator of axonal growth.

The somatomedins, or insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), comprise a family of peptides that play important roles in mammalian growth and development. IGF1 mediates many of the growth-promoting effects of growth hormone (GH; MIM 139250). Early studies showed that growth hormone did not directly stimulate the incorporation of sulfate into cartilage, but rather acted through a serum factor, termed 'sulfation factor,' which later became known as 'somatomedin' (Daughaday et al., 1972). Three main somatomedins have been characterized: somatomedin C (IGF1), somatomedin A (IGF2; MIM 147470), and somatomedin B (MIM 193190) (Rotwein, 1986; Rosenfeld, 2003).

GH is a member of the somatotropin/prolactin family of hormones which play an important role in growth control. The gene, along with four other related genes, is located at the growth hormone locus on chromosome 17 where they are interspersed in the same transcriptional orientation; an arrangement which is thought to have evolved by a series of gene duplications. The five genes share a remarkably high degree of sequence identity. Alternative splicing generates additional isoforms of each of the five growth hormones, leading to further diversity and potential for specialization. This particular family member is expressed in the pituitary but not in placental tissue as is the case for the other four genes in the growth hormone locus. Mutations in or deletions of the gene lead to growth hormone deficiency and short stature.

ArsA Arsenite Transporter, ATP-Binding, Homolog 1 (ASNA1) is a part of the arsA ATPase family. ASNA1 is the human homolog of the bacterial arsA gene. ArsA ATPase is the catalytic component of a multisubunit oxyanion pump In E.coli, which is in charge for resistance to arsenicals and antimonials. ASNA1 is also a main component of a transmembrane domain (TMD) recognition complex (TRC) which is involved in the post-translational delivery of tail-anchored (TA) proteins from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).