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The protein kinase A holoenzyme is a heterotetramer composed of two types of subunits: Catalytic and Regulatory. The Catalyticsubunit contains the enzyme's active site. It also contains a domain that binds ATP and a domain that binds the regulatory subunit. The Regulatory subunit consists oftwo molecules which bind one another in an anti-parallel orientation to form a homodimer; for type I subunits- this binding is covalent via disulfide bonds. This subunit also has has two domains that bind cyclic AMP, a domain that interacts with a catalytic subunit, and an "auto-inhibitory" domain that serves as a substrate or pseudosubstrate for the catalytic subunit. Regulatory subunits may also have biologic activity distinct from their role in modulating catalytic subunit activity. Regulatory subunits exist in two major forms, RI and RII, with each form having two subtypes designated alpha and beta. Each of the four isotypes of the regulatory subunit is encoded by a different gene. In addition, three isotypes of the catalytic subunit have been identified (alpha, beta and gamma). The different isotypes tend to have different distributions within cells and among tissues. Type I enzymes inhabit cytoplasmic, soluble fractions of the cell, whereas type II enzymes tend to associate with cellular membranes.

JUN N-terminal Kinase 2is a member of the MAP kinase family. MAP kinases act as an integration point for multiple biochemical signals, and are involved in a wide variety of cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. This kinase targets specific transcription factors, and thus mediates immediate-early gene expression in response to various cell stimuli. It is most closely related to MAPK8, both of which are involved in UV radiation induced apoptosis, thought to be related to the cytochrome c-mediated cell death pathway. This gene and MAPK8 are also known as c-Jun N-terminal kinases. This kinase blocks the ubiquitination of tumor suppressor p53, and thus it increases the stability of p53 in nonstressed cells. Studies of this gene's mouse counterpart suggest a key role in T-cell differentiation. Four alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.

GALM is a main enzyme of carbohydrate metabolism catalysing the translation of beta-D-galactose to alpha-D-galactose. GALM is needed for normal galactose metabolism by preserveing the equilibrium of alpha and beta anomers of galactose. GALM is required for the production of complex oligosaccharides.

Cytokeratin 5 (KRT5) belongs to the keratin gene family. The type II cytokeratins are comprised of basic or neutral proteins which are arranged in pairs of heterotypic keratin chains coexpressed throughout differentiation of simple and stratified epithelial tissues. The type II cytokeratins are clustered in a region of chromosome 12q12-q13. The KRT5 type II cytokeratin is specifically expressed in the basal layer of the epidermis with family member KRT14. Mutations in these genes are linked with a complex of diseases termed epidermolysis bullosa simplex.

GLRX5 is small redox enzyme of approximately 100 amino acids which uses glutathione as a cofactor. GLRX5 is a mitochondrial protein, which is evolutionarily conserved. GLRX5 is oxidized by substrates, and reduced non-enzymatically by glutathione. GLRX5 is involved in the biogenesis of iron-sulfur clusters that are required for normal iron homeostasis. GLRX5 is necessary for normal regulation of hemoglobin synthesis by the iron-sulfur protein ACO1. Defects in the GLRX5 gene are a cause of anemia sideroblastic pyridoxine-refractory autosomal recessive (PRARSA).

Testis-specific serine/threonine-protein kinase 6 (TSSK6) is an intronless gene, which belongs to the CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. The TSSK6 protein contains one protein kinase domain. TSSK6 is highly expressed in the testis and lowly expressed in the colon, prostate, thymus, small intestine, and peripheral blood leukocytes. TSSK6 interacts with the heatshock proteins HSPA8, HSPCB, and HAPA1A; these interactions seem to be essential for TSSK6 kinase activity. TSSK6 plays a role in DNA condensation during postmeiotic chromatin remodeling. In addition, TSSK6 is required for sperm production and function.

GPT catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to create pyruvate and glutamate. GPT has a crucial part in the intermediary metabolism of glucose and amino acids. GPT is broadly used as an indicator of liver reliability or hepatocellular destruction in clinical tests.

Methionine aminopeptidases and designated peptidase M proteins belong to the M24 family of proteins. MAP protein removes the amino-terminal methionine residue from nascent polypeptides. The active site of MAP contains 2 adjacent divalent metal ions connected by a water molecule or hydroxide ion.

Gliadin is a common substrate of transglutaminase, which generates neo-epitopes by deamidation of glutamine side chains. In the past, serologic tests for gliadin antibodies usually were not very precise and were not enough for accurate diagnosis due to missing deamidated epitopes within the authentic gliadin fraction traditionally used in diagnostic test kits. ProSpec's deamidated Gliadin isoform matches to the deamidated neo-epitopes, which in the natural antigen are formed by transglutaminase-mediated glutamine side chain deamidation.

Growth-Hormone is a member of the somatotropin/prolactin family of hormones which play an important role in growth control. The gene, along with four other related genes, is located at the growth hormone locus on chromosome 17 where they are interspersed in the same transcriptional orientation; an arrangement which is thought to have evolved by a series of gene duplications. The five genes share a remarkably high degree of sequence identity. Alternative splicing generates additional isoforms of each of the five growth hormones, leading to further diversity and potential for specialization. This particular family member is expressed in the pituitary but not in placental tissue as is the case for the other four genes in the growth hormone locus. Mutations in or deletions of the gene lead to growth hormone deficiency and short stature.

A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores.

GCSF is a cytokine that controls the production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes. The active protein is found extracellularly. Three transcript variants encoding three different isoforms have been found for the GCSF gene. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factors are cytokines that act in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and the monocytes-macrophages. This csf induces granulocytes.

Growth Differentiation Factor-7 (GDF-7) belongs to the BMP family of TGF-b superfamily proteins. GDF7 elicits its bioactivity via a heterodimeric receptor complex comprised of a type 1 (BMPR-IB) and a type II (BMPR-II or Activin RII) serine/threonine kinase receptor. GDF7 signaling results in the phosphorylation and activation of Smad proteins. GDF-7 is also involved in tendon and ligament formation and repair. In addition, GDF7 regulates bone formation, mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, neuronal differentiation, and axon guidance.

Chikungunya is an infection caused by the chikungunya virus which is passed to humans by two species of mosquito of the genus Aedes: A. albopictus and A. aegypti. Animal reservoirs of the virus include monkeys, birds, cattle, and rodents. The features of the disease are a sudden onset of fever 2-4 days after exposure. The fever typically lasts 2-7 days, while the associated joint pains usually last weeks or months but sometimes years. The mortality rate is a little less than 1 in 1,000. The disease has occurred in outbreaks in Asia, Europe and the Americas since 2004. CHIKV is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome, 11,800 nts long which encodes 2 open reading frames. The nucleocapsid is tightly enveloped by a host-derived lipid bilayer (envelope) supporting the virus-encoded envelope proteins. 80 glycoprotein spikes are C- terminally anchored within the viral envelope. The structural polyprotein is translated from a viral sub genomic mRNA, while as the 5 structural proteins (capsid, E3, E2, 6K, E1) are translated as a single polyprotein, from which capsid (C) is cleaved off to encapsidate. The envelope polyprotein precursor E3-E2-6K-E1 is translocated to the endoplasmatic reticulum. Polyprotein is processed by host signalases, resulting in E3, E2 & E1 forming viral hetero-trimeric spikes. The viral spikes majorly contains E2 and E1 facilitate cell receptor recognition, cell entry thru pH-dependent endocytosis and support viral budding.

Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (glpE) is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme which is encoded by the nucleus. Escherichia coli glpE is a prototype for the single-domain rhodanese superfamily. glpE catalyzes the sulfur-transfer reaction in which a sulfur atom is transferred from thiosulfate to cyanide by a double-displacement mechanism.

Dickkopf-related protein 2 (DKK2) is a member of the dickkopf family, which has a vital role in vertebrate development, where they locally inhibit Wnt regulated processes such as antero-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis and eye formation. In adults, Dkks are involved in bone formation and bone disease, cancer and Alzheimer disease. DKK2 contains 2 cysteine rich regions and is implicated in embryonic development through its interactions with the Wnt signaling pathway. DKK2 may function as either an agonist or antagonist of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, depending on the cellular environment and the presence of the co-factor kremen 2. DKK2 protein activity is also controlled by binding to the Wnt co-receptor LRP6 (LDL-receptor related protein 6).

Glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2) is a member of the glutathione peroxidase family, consisting of 8 known glutathione peroxidases (Gpx1-8) in humans. Glutathione peroxidase functions in the detoxification of hydrogen peroxide, and is one of the most important antioxidant enzymes in humans. GPX2 may have a major role in protecting mammals from the toxicity of ingested organic hydroperoxides. GPX2 is one of only a few proteins known in higher vertebrates to contain selenocysteine, which appears at the active site of glutathione peroxidase and is coded by the nonsense (stop) codon TGA.

GDF-11 belongs to the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family and the TGF-beta superfamily. GDF-11 is a central developmental factor which controls muscular and neural development. In adults, GDF-11 encourages cardiac hypertrophy reverse by the revival of cardiomyocytes.

GDF-5 is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family and the TGF-beta superfamily. This group of proteins is characterized by a polybasic proteolytic processing site which is cleaved to produce a mature protein containing seven conserved cysteine residues. The members of this family are regulators of cell growth and differentiation in both embryonic and adult tissues. Mutations in this gene are associated with acromesomelic dysplasia, Hunter-Thompson type; brachydactyly, type C; and chondrodysplasia, Grebe type. These associations confirm that the gene product plays a role in skeletal development.

MAP2K1 is a member of the dual specificity protein kinase family, which plays a role as a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase. MAP kinases, are recognized as extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), that act as an integration position for multiple biochemical signals. MEK1 is located upstream of MAP kinases and stimulates the enzymatic activity of MAP kinases upon wide variety of extra- and intracellular signals. As a key player of MAP kinase signal transduction pathway, MEK1 is involved in many cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, transcription regulation and development. MAP2K1 catalyzes the concomitant phosphorylation of a threonine and a tyrosine residue in a thr-glu-tyr sequence located in map kinases. MEK1 activates erk1 and erk2 map kinases.

SAE1 is part of the ubiquitin-activating E1 family of proteins and participates in the significant first step of the UBL1 conjugation pathway. Proteins conjugated to Ub are marked for progressive degradation by the 26S Proteasome. SAE1 acts as a UBLI E1 ligase mediating the ATP-dependent activation of UBL1. SAE1 binds with UBLE1A and UBLE1B to form a heterodimer which can bind UBL1. SAE1 is a dimeric enzyme that takes part as a E1 ligase for SUMO1, SUMO2, SUMO3, and probably SUMO4. SAE1 regulates ATP-dependent activation of SUMO proteins and formation of a thioester with a conserved cysteine residue on SAE2.