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FLT3 ligand is a receptor for the fl cytokine has a tyrosine-protein kinase activity & a growth factor that regulates proliferation of early hematopoietic cells. Flt3-Ligand synergizes with other CSFs and interleukins to induce growth and differentiation.

ANXA1 is part of the family of Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid binding proteins which have a Mw between 35kDa-40kDa and are situated on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. ANXA1 protein has a Mw of 40kDa, with phospholipase A2 inhibitory activity to bind from two to four calcium ions with high affinity. Since phospholipase A2 is necessary for the biosynthesis of the potent mediators of inflammation, prostaglandins and leukotrienes, ANXA1 might have potential anti-inflammatory activity. ANXA1 promotes membrane fusion and iplays a role in exocytosis. The recognition of ANXA1 protein by immunocytochemical leads a simple, highly sensitive and specific assay for diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia.

PEDF is a noninhibitory serpin with neurotrophic, anti-angiogenic, and anti-tumorigenic properties. PEDF is a 50,000 dalton glycoprotein created and secreted in many tissues all the way through the body. A key component of the anti-angiogenic action of PEDF is the induction of apoptosis in proliferating endothelial cells. Additionally, PEDF is capable to inhibit the activity of angiogenic factors such as VEGF and FGF-2. The neuro-protective effects of PEDF are achieved through suppression of neuronal apoptosis induced by peroxide, glutamate, or other neurotoxins. The recognition of a lipase-linked cell membrane receptor for PEDF (PEDF-R) that binds to PEDF with high affinity should facilitate further elucidation of the underlying mechanisms of this pluripotent serpin. To date, PEDF-R is the only signaling receptor known to be used by a serpin family member. The unique range of PEDF activities associate it as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of vasculature related neurode

CD2 which is also known as E-rosette receptor, T11 and lymphocytefunction antigen-2 (LFA-2) is expressed on T cells, thymocytes, and subset of natural killer cells. Human CD2 functions as the receptor for sheep erythrocytes, human CD58 (LFA-3), and CD15s (Sialyl Lewis X). p56lck, p59fyn, CD3eta and CD3epsilon are tyrosine-phosphorylated after CD2 stimulation. CD2 plays a role in T cell activation, T- or NK-cell-mediated cytolysis, apoptosis in activated peripheral T cells, and regulation of T cell anergy.

CD166 antigen isoform 2 (ALCAM) is a type 1 membrane glycoprotein and belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. ALCAM is expressed on thymic epithelium, microvascular endothelium, activated lymphocytes and monocytes, and monocyte-derived dendritic cells. CD166 and CD6 interaction plays a role in T cell development and T cell regulation, as well as in the binding of T cells and B cells to activated leukocytes.

IL15RA, also known as Interleukin 15 Receptor Alpha, is a high-affinity receptor for interleukin-15. IL15RA plays a role as a heterotrimer with the IL-2 receptor beta and gamma subunits to commence signal transduction. IL15/IL15R alpha complexes can transmit reverse signaling which promotes cellular adhesion, tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular proteins, as well as cytokine secretion by the IL‑15/IL15R alpha expressing cells.

CBR3 catalyzes the reduction of a large number of biologically and pharmacologically active carbonyl compounds to their corresponding alcohols. CBR3 is one of several monomeric NADPH-dependent oxidoreductases. Furthermore, CBR3 contains 3 exons spanning 11.2 kilobases and is strongly linked to another carbonyl reductase gene, the CBR1. It was suggested that CBR3 mediates 9-cis-retinoic acid-induced cytostatis and is a potential prognostic marker for oral malignancy. CBR3 is identified in the ovary, pancreas, intestine, colon, kidney, brain, thymus, lung, heart, liver, spleen, leukocyte, prostate and the testis. Polymorphisms in CBR3 may give an explanation to interindividual and interethnic variability of doxorubicin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.

CD207 (C-type lectin domain family 4 member K) is expressed in Langerhans cells which are immature dendritic cells of the epidermis and mucosa. Moreover, CD207 is expressed in several other dendritic cell types including dermal CD103+ DCs and splenic CD8+ DCs. Langerin is localized in the Birbeck granules, the organelles present in the cytoplasm of Langerhans cells and comprised of superimposed and zippered membranes. CD207 is a C-type lectin with mannose binding specificity, and it has been suggested that mannose binding by the CD207 protein leads to internalization of antigen into Birbeck granules thus providing access to a nonclassical antigen-processing pathway.

Vimentin expression in human malignant glioma cells depends on cellular density, algorithms of drug delivery and chemo/radio treatment. Vimentin and detyrosinated microtubules provide structural support for the extensive microtentacles observed in detached tumor cells and a mechanism to promote successful metastatic spread. Primary colorectal carcinomas display aberrant expression of vimentin, and have activated Notch and TGFbeta signaling pathways. Vimentin is a strong arterial substrate for transglutaminases. Transglutaminase-mediated vimentin dimerization results in a novel unifying pathway by which vasodilatory and remodeling responses may be regulated. Ablation of vimentin expression inhibits migration and invasion of colon and breast cancer cell lines.

IL3 is a potent growth promoting cytokine. This cytokine is capable of supporting the proliferation of a broad range of hematopoietic cell types. It is involved in a variety of cell activities such as cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. This cytokine has been shown to also possess neurotrophic activity, and it may be associated with neurologic disorders.

Interleukin-23 receptor (IL23R) is a member of the type I cytokine receptor family, Type 2 subfamily. IL23R contains two fibronectin type-III domains and is expressed by monocytes, Th1, Th0, NK and dendritic cells. IL23R protein pairs with the receptor molecule IL12RB1/IL12Rbeta1, and both are necessary for IL23A signaling. IL23R protein associates constitutively with JAK2 (Janus kinase 2), and it also binds to transcription activator STAT3 in a ligand-dependent manner. IL23R binds IL23 and mediates T-cells, NK cells and perhaps certain macrophage/myeloid cells stimulation most likely by way of activation of the Jak-Stat signaling cascade. IL23R might be responsible for autoimmune inflammatory diseases and be vital for tumorigenesis.

FKBP14 enzyme accelerates the folding of proteins during protein synthesis. FKBP14 contains 2 EF-hand domains and one PPIase FKBP-type domain. Truncation of the amino-terminus of FKBP14 significantly decreases peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity, therefore implicating that the PPIase FKBP-type domain must be located at the N-terminus.

HC Class II is consists of 2 membrane spanning proteins. Each of these proteins is roughly 30 kDa, and has of two Globular domains, Alpha-1, Alpha-2, Beta-1 and Beta-2. The two regions farthest away from the membrane are alpha-1 and beta-1. The two proteins link without Covalent Bonds. The MHC Class II protein mainly presents peptides, which have been digested from external sources. MHC Class II is normally only expressed by Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) which digest foreign protein. Within the RER the alpha and beta proteins of the molecule, associate with each other, while a third protein called the "invariant chain," is necessary for stabilizing the complex, without it, they will not associate. The MHC-invariant complex is then passed from the RER, into and out of, the Golgi body. It fuses with an Endocytic compartment, where an external protein has been sampled and degraded.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 (CXCL10) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as 10 kDa interferon-gamma-induced protein (?-IP10 or IP-10). CXCL10 is secreted by several cell types in response to IFN-?. These cell types include monocytes, endothelial cellsand fibroblasts. CXCL10 has been attributed to several roles, such as chemoattraction for monocytesand T cells, promotion of T cell adhesion to endothelial cells, anti tumor activity, and inhibition of bone marrow colony formation and angiogenesis. The gene for CXCL10 is located on human chromosome 4in a cluster among several other CXC chemokines. This chemokine elicits its effects by binding to the cell surface chemokine receptor CXCR3. The three-dimensional crystal structure of this chemokine has been determined under 3 different conditions to a resolution of up to 1.92A.

Immature Colon Carcinoma Transcript 1 (ICT1) functions as a codon-independent translation release factor that has lost all stop codon specificity and leads the termination of translation in mitochondrion in case of abortive elongation. The mature colon epithelium has 3 differentiated cell types which arise from a multipotent stem cell. ICT1 is involved in the hydrolysis of peptidyl-tRNAs which have been prematurely terminated and consequently in the recycling of stalled mitochondrial ribosomes. Digression from the normal maturation pathway by neoplastic transformation is assumed to originate in stem cells or their early descendants.

Regulated upon Activation, Normal T-cell Expressed, and Secreted or RANTES is an 8 kDa protein classified as a chemotactic cytokine or chemokine. It has recently been renamed CCL5. RANTES is chemotactic for T cells, eosinophils and basophils and plays an active role in recruiting leukocytes into inflammatory sites. With the help of particular cytokines (i.e. IL-2 and IFN-?) that are released by T cells, RANTES also induces the proliferation and activation of certain natural killer (NK) cells to form CHAK (CC-Chemokine-activated killer) cells. It is also a HIV-suppressive factor released from CD8+ T cells. This chemokine has been localized to chromosome 17 in humans.

Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2) is a protein tyrosine kinase which takes part in a specific subset of cytokine receptor signaling pathways such as cell growth, development, differentiation or histone modifications. JAK2 is linked with the prolactin receptor and is necessary for responses to gamma interferon. Mice which do not express an active protein for JAK2 show embryonic lethality associated with the absence of definitive erythropoiesis.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 (CXCL9) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as Monokine induced by gamma INF (MIG). CXCL9 is a T-cell chemoattractant, which is induced by IFN-?. It is closely related to two other CXC chemokines called CXCL10 and CXCL11, whose genes are located near the gene for CXCL9 on human chromosome 4. CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11 all elicit their chemotactic functions by interacting with the chemokine receptor CXCR3.

TP53I3 participates in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). TP53I3 has low NADPH-dependent naphtoquinone reductase activity, with a preference for 1,2-naphtoquinone over 1,4-naphtoquinone. TP53I3 has low NADPH-dependent diamine reductase activity (in vitro). TP53I3 is localized to the cytoplasm and induced in primary, non-transformed and transformed cell cultures after exposure to genotoxic agents. TP53I3 microsatellite polymorphism is associated with differential susceptibility to cancer.

Basic fibroblast growth factor is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. This protein functions as a modifier of endothelial cell migration and proliferation, as well as an angiogenic factor. It acts as a mitogen for a variety of mesoderm- and neuroectoderm-derived cells in vitro, thus is thought to be involved in organogenesis. Three alternatively spliced variants encoding different isoforms have been described. The heparin-binding growth factors are angiogenic agents in vivo and are potent mitogens for a variety of cell types in vitro. There are differences in the tissue distribution and concentration of these 2 growth factors.

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2S (UBE2S) belongs to the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. UBE2S is able to form a thiol ester linkage with ubiquitin in a ubiquitin activating enzyme-dependent manner, a typical property of ubiquitin carrier proteins. UBE2S catalyzes the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other proteins. UBE2S acts as a crucial factor of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), which is a cell cycle-regulated ubiquitin ligase that controls progression through mitosis. UBE2S acts by purposely elongating ''Lys-11''-linked polyubiquitin chains initiated by the E2 enzyme UBE2C/UBCH10 on APC/C substrates, augmenting the degradation of APC/C substrates by the proteasome and promoting mitotic exit. UBE2S also acts by elongating ubiquitin chains initiated by the E2 enzyme UBE2D1/UBCH5 in vitro; it is nevertheless uncertain whether UBE2D1/UBCH5 acts as an E2 enzyme for the APC/C in vivo. UBE2S is also involved in ubiquitination and consequent degradation of VHL, resu

Human IL-17A/F is a 40kDa glycoprotein which is secreted as a disulfide-linked heterodimer. IL-17A/F consists of two proteins of the IL-17 family, IL-17A and IL17F. Proteins of the 6 homodimeric IL17 family show a cysteine knot motif that contains two disulfide-bonds. Human IL17A is produced as a 155 a.a precursor that includes a 23 amino acids signal sequence and a 132 amino acid chain that includes an N-linked glycosylation site. Human IL17F is produced as a 153 amino acid precursor with a 20 amino acid signal sequence and a 133 amino acid region. Similar to IL17A, IL17F also has an N-linked glycosylation site. Both proteins (IL17A & IL17F) share 50% amino acid sequence identity. Human IL17A & IL17F show approximately 60% homology in their amino acid sequence to mouse IL-17A and IL-17F. Interleukin-17A/F and IL17A, IL17F homodimers are manufactured by activted CD4+ T cells, called Th17. IL-23 causes Th17 lymphocytes to manufacture IL-17A/F. IL17RA and IL17RC form a heterodimer for the binding of IL17A and IL17F. IL-17A/F binds IL-17RA. Interleukin-17A/F induces chemokine production and airway neutrophilia with intermediate potency between IL17A (most potent) and IL17F (least potent).

T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1B, also known as TCL1B is a member of the TCL1 family. TCL1B is expressed in a variety of tissues as well as the placenta and testis. Moreover, TCL1B enhances the phosphorylation and activation of AKT1 and AKT2.