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SNAPIN is involved in the neurotransmitter release process through its modulation of the sequential interactions between the SNAREs and synaptotagmin. SNAPIN is part of the SNARE complex of proteins that is needed for synaptic vesicle docking and fusion. SNAPAP is enriched in neurons and exclusively located on synaptic vesicle membrane protein. SNAPIN is also an important factor of the BLOC1 multisubunit protein complex. BLOC1 is required for normal biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet dense granules.

TRAF1 is an adapter protein and signal transducer that connects members of the TNFR family to different signaling pathways by association with the receptor cytoplasmic domain and kinases. TRAF1 mediates activation of NF-kappa-B and JNK and participates in apoptosis. The TRAF1/TRAF2 complex recruits the apoptotic suppressors BIRC2 and BIRC3 to TNFRSF1B/TNFR2.

Dickkopf-related protein 3 (DKK3) belongs to the DKK protein family including Dkk-1, 2, 3 and -4. DKK3 is a 350 amino acid secreted glycoprotein which is comprised of an N-terminal signal peptide and 2 conserved cysteine-rich domains that are separated by a 12 amino acid linker region. DKK3 is involved in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway. DKK3 gene expression is decreased in a variety of cancer cell lines and it may act as a tumor suppressor gene.

C16ORF53 is a component of a Set1-like multiprotein histone methyltransferase complex. C16ORF53 interacts with PAXIP1/PTIP; this interaction is direct and is necessary for the association with the rest of the PTIP complex. The C16ORF53 protein has a crucial role in maintaining genome stability, condensation of chromatin and progression through mitosis.

GDF3 is a member of the TGF-beta superfamily though it does not show similarity pattern of conserved cysteine residues. GDF3 is linked to Vg-1 and human BMP-4. GDF3 transcripts are identified mainly in adult bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and adipose tissue. GDF3 expression is upregulated strongly in high-fat-fed C57Bl/6J FABP4/aP2 null mice, which develop obesity but not the related hyperglycemia or hyperinsulinemia characteristic of type II diabetes. GDF3 expression therefore bonds fatty acid metabolism in adipocytes and the expression of a differentiation regulator belonging to the bone morphogenetic proteins.

RQCD1 is a novel transcriptional cofactor which mediates retinoic acid-induced cell differentiation. RQCD1 down-regulates MYB- and JUN-dependent transcription and may have a role in cell differentiation. RQCD1 also has a role in retinoic acid-controlled lung development.

REG protein was shown to be stimulated during the regeneration of pancreatic islets. Since then, many Reg-related proteins have been identified in humans and other animals. In human, the four REG family genes, i.e., REG 1 alpha, REG 1 beta, REG-related sequence (RS) and HIP/PAP, have so far been isolated. These Reg-related proteins are classified into four subfamilies according to their amino-acid sequences, but they share a similar structure and physiological function. Reg protein is a growth factor for pancreatic beta cells and also suggests that the administration of Reg protein could be used as another therapeutic approach for diabetes mellitus. Human REG cDNA which encodes a 166-amino acid protein with a 22-amino acid signal peptide. The amino acid sequence of human REG protein has 68% homology to that of rat Reg protein.

Protein A is a cell wall protein deriving from Staphylococcus aureus which exhibits unique binding properties for IgG from a variety of mammalian species and for some IgM and IgA as well. It binds with the Fc region of immunoglobulins through interaction with the heavy chain. It couples to a wide variety of reporter molecules including fluorescent dyes, enzyme markers, biotin, colloidal gold and radioactive iodine without affecting the antibody binding site. Recombinant Protein A was developed to increase the specificity of the molecule for IgG and is widely used both in research and bioprocessing. The recombinant protein A is produced by expressing a modified protein A gene in E.coli. A specific purification process with strict quality control was taken to get the recombinant protein A with the purity of more than 98% , no human IgG affinity step is used during validated fermentation and purification and devoid of bacterial contaminant found normally in native Protein A. (Free of Staphylococcus endotoxins and hemolysin).

TNFAIP8 which is a part of the TNFAIP8 family acts as a negative mediator of apoptosis and takes part in tumor progression. TNFAIP8 suppresses the TNF-mediated apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-8 activity but not the processing of procaspase-8, resulting in inhibition of BID cleavage and activation of caspase-3.

STEAP Family Member 4 (STEAP4) is a member of the STEAP (six transmembrane epithelial antigen of prostate) family, resides in the golgi apparatus. STEAP4 act as a metalloreductase which has the ability to reduce both Fe(3+) to Fe(2+) and Cu(2+) to Cu(1+),using NAD(+) as acceptor. According to studies in mice and human it is possible that STEAP4 may involve in adipocyte development and metabolism, and also contribute to the normal biology of the prostate cell.

Transcription elongation factor A protein-like 1 (TCEAL1) is a member of the transcription elongation factor A (SII)-like (TCEAL) family, which may function as nuclear phosphoproteins that modulate transcription in a promoter context-dependent manner. TCEAL1 is involved in transcriptional regulation. TCEAL1 is expressed in all tissues, especially highly expressed in the heart, ovary, prostate and skeletal muscle.

MAPRE2 (RP1 or EB2) is an evolutionarily conserved protein, which associates with the tips of growing microtubules, and regulates microtubule dynamics and their interactions with intracellular structures. The EB proteins regulate microtubule function through CLIP proteins. MAPRE2 shares noteworthy homology to the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) protein-binding EB1 gene family. MAPRE2 is necessary for spindle symmetry during mitosis. MAPRE2 is believed to have a role in the tumorigenesis of colorectal cancers and the proliferative control of normal cells.

SPIN1 is a member of the SPIN/STSY family. SPIN1 is localized to nucleus, and expressed in several tissues and cells. SPIN1 takes part in cell-cycle regulation in the course of the transition from gamete to embryo.

Ras-related protein Rab-35 (RAB35) is restricted to the plasma membrane and endocytic compartments and controls a fast endocytic recycling pathway. Inhibition of Rab35 function leads to the accumulation of endocytic markers on numerous cytoplasmic vacuoles in cells that failed cytokinesis, which is consistent with a central requirement for Rab35-regulated recycling during cell division.

Vascular endothelial growth factor is an important signaling protein involved in both vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. As its name implies, VEGF activity has been mostly studied on cells of the vascular endothelium, although it does have effects on a number of other cell types (e.g. stimulation monocyte/ macrophagemigration, neurons, cancer cells, kidney epithelial cells ). VEGF mediates increased vascular permeability, induces angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and endothelial cell growth, promotes cell migration, and inhibits apoptosis. In vitro, VEGF has been shown to stimulate endothelial cell mitogenesisand cell migration. VEGF is also a vasodilator and increases microvascular permeability and was originally referred to as vascular permeability factor.
Elevated levels of this protein are linked to POEMS syndrome, also known as Crow-Fukase syndrome. Mutations in this gene have been associated with proliferative and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3, subunit I (EIF3I) is part of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF-3) complex, which is essential for numerous steps in the initiation of protein synthesis. The eIF-3 complex links with the 40S ribosome and facilitates the recruitment of eIF-1, eIF-1A, eIF-2: GTP: methionyl-tRNAi and eIF-5 to form the 43S pre-initiation complex (43S PIC). The eIF-3 complex stimulates mRNA recruitment to the 43S PIC and scanning of the mRNA for AUG recognition. The eIF-3 complex is also essential for disassembly and recycling of post-termination ribosomal complexes and subsequently prevents premature joining of the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits prior to initiation. Among the diseases associated with EIF3I are clonorchiasis, and tonsillitis.

NELFE is a vital component of NELF complex which represses RNA polymerase II transcript elongation. NELFE is similar to nuclear RNA-binding proteins but does not bind RNA. NELFE contains a tract of alternating basic and acidic residues, mainly arginine and aspartic acid.

Fibronectin Leucine Rich Transmembrane Protein 3, also known as FLRT3 is a member of the fibronectin leucine rich transmembrane protein (FLRT) family. FLRT3 contains one fibronectin type-III domain as well as 10 LRR (leucine-rich) repeats and is expressed in the kidney, brain, pancreas, skeletal muscle, lung, liver, placenta, and heart. In addition, the members of the FLRT family play a role in cell adhesion as well as receptor signaling. FLRT3 has been implicated in neurite outgrowth after nerve damage, as a positive regulator of FGF signalling and in homotypic cell adhesion. Furthermore, FLRT3 has an essential function in regulating cellular adhesion among the epithelial apical ridge and the underlying mesenchyme and also in the establishment of the dorso-ventral position of the ridge.

NF-kappa-B inhibitor beta (NFKBIB) is a member of the NF-kappa-B inhibitor family, which inhibit NF-kappa-B by complexing with, and trapping it in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of serine residues on these proteins by kinases marks them for destruction via the ubiquitination pathway, thus allowing activation of the NF-kappa-B, which translocates to the nucleus to act as a transcription factor.

A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from white adipocytes and implicated in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Leptin provides the key afferent signal from fat cells in the feedback system that controls body fat stores.

Eledoisin is an undecapeptide formed in the venom gland of several species of octopuses and is used as a vasodilator and a contraction agent of extravascular smooth muscle.

Autophagy Related 3 (ATG3) is a conjugating enzyme essential for the cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt), autophagy, and mitochondrial homeostasis. ATG3 is localizes to the cytoplasm and is expressed in tissues with predominant levels found in kidney, placenta, liver, heart and skeletal muscle. ATG3 catalyzes a reaction which is necessary for autophagy. That reaction is the formation of the Atg8-phosphatidylethanolamine (ATG-PE) conjugate.

PINK1 is a serine/threonine protein kinase which is found in the mitochondria. PINK1 shields cells from stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Mutations results in one form of autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson disease.