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NME2 takes an important part in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. NME2 negatively controls Rho activity by interacting with AKAP13/LBC. NME2 acts as a transcriptional activator of the MYC gene. NME2 binds DNA non-specifically. NME2 is a heterodimeric enzyme functioning as a nucleoside diphosphate kinase. NME1 and NME2 contain 152 amino acids, A and B polypeptide chains of the NM23 enzyme, respectively. NME2 is identical to the beta subunit of human erythrocyte NDP kinase. NDP kinases participate in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates, and NM23 is involved in the regulation of signal transduction by complexing with G proteins, causing activation/inactivation of developmental pathways.

Omentin is a recently recognized gene highly localized to the mental tissue (visceral adipose tissue). Omentin is present in the stromal vascular cells in the adipose tissue rather than in the adipocytes. Omentin is predominantly expressed in the visceral adipose tissue than the subcutaneous tissue, with the omentin mRNA being 150 times higher in the visceral adipose tissue. Omentin has also been detected in human blood using western blot analysis, and seems to increase insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in mice. Omentin seems to increase Akt phosphorylation irrespective of insulin presence. Its role in glucose metabolism and obesity remains to be described; an insulin-sensitizing action is possible.Differences in Omentin expression has been noted in adipose tissue from normals and patients with inflammatory bowel disease although its significance is unknown.

Eotaxin-2, also called MPIF2 & Ckb6, is a novel CC chemokine produced by activated monocytes and T lymphocytes. Eotaxin-2 selectively chemoattracts cells expressing CCR3 including eosinophils, basophils, Th2 T cells, mast cells, and certain subsets of dendritic cells. Furthermore, Eotaxin-2 inhibits the proliferation of multipotential hematopoietic progenitor cells. The mature protein, which includes C-terminal truncation, contains 78 amino acids (92 amino acids for the mouse homolog, without C-terminal truncation).
CCL24 functions as a chemotactic chemokine for resting t-lymphocytes, and eosinophils. CCL24 has lower chemotactic activity for neutrophils but none for monocytes and activated lymphocytes. CCL24 is a strong suppressor of colony formation by a multipotential hematopoietic progenitor cell line and binds to CCR3.

NGF-beta has nerve growth stimulating activity and the complex is involved in the regulation of growth and the differentiation of sympathetic and certain sensory neurons. Mutations in this gene have been associated with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, type 5 (HSAN5), and dysregulation of this gene's expression is associated with allergic rhinitis.

PAK4 is part of the group B family of p21-activated kinases (PAK). It's known as an effector protein for cell division cycle 42(Cdc42) and protein that plays an important role in regulating cytoskeletal organization and cell morphology. PAK4 expression is eminent in many cancer cell lines, and is involved in tumorigenesis. PAK proteins are significant effectors that associate Rho GTPases to cytoskeleton reorganization and nuclear signaling. PAK proteins are targets for the small GTP binding proteins Cdc42 and Rac and have been implicated in a wide range of biological activities. PAK4 cooperates specifically with the GTP-bound form of Cdc42Hs and weakly activates the JNK family of MAP kinases. PAK4 is a mediator of filopodia formation and is involved in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. PAK4 activates the JNK pathway. PAK4 phosphorylates and inactivates the protein phosphatase SSH1, leading to increased inhibitory phosphorylation of the actin binding/depolymerizing factor cofilin. Decreased cofilin activity may lead to stabilization of actin filaments.

SUMO1 is a protein that belongs to the SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) protein family. SUMO1 functions in a manner similar to ubiquitin in that it is bound to target proteins as part of a post-translational modification system. Still, unlike ubiquitin which targets proteins for degradation, SUMO1 is involved in a variety of cellular processes, for example nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, and protein stability. SUMO1 is not active until the last four amino acids of the carboxy-terminus are cleaved off.

Fractalkine soluble form is chemotactic for t-cells and monocytes, but not for neutrophils. Fractalkine membrane-bound form promotes adhesion of those leukocytes to endothelial cells. Fractalkine regulates leukocyte adhesion and migration processes at the endothelium and binds to CX3CR1. Natural Human Fractalkine is produced as a long protein (373-amino acid) with an extended mucin-like stalk and a chemokine domain on top. The mucin-like stalk permits it to bind to the cell surface. Fractalkine gene is located on human chromosome 16 along with some CC chemokines known as CCL17 and CCL22.

Furin is a member of the peptidase S8 family. Furin signifies the ubiquitous endoprotease activity within constitutive secretory pathwaysas well as capable of cleavage at the RX (K/R) R consensus motif.Furin is considered to be one of the proteases responsible for the activation of HIV envelope glycoproteins gp160 as well as gp140 and might take part in tumor progression. Among the diseases associated with FURIN are dementia, familial british and plague.

GSTT2 belongs to the glutathione s-transferase (GST) family of proteins. There are eight GST proteins families, named alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. Each one of the GST families has several proteins with different functions throughout the cell. The theta type members GSTT1 and GSTT2 have a 55% aa sequence homology and hold a vital role in human carcinogenesis. The theta genes are structurally similar – each has five exons with identical exon/intron boundaries.

Methionine aminopeptidases and designated peptidase M proteins belong to the M24 family of proteins. MAP protein removes the amino-terminal methionine residue from nascent polypeptides. The active site of MAP contains 2 adjacent divalent metal ions connected by a water molecule or hydroxide ion.

MAP kinase-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPKAPK3) is involved in inflammatory Reaction by regulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and IL6 production post-transcriptionally. MAPKAPK3 phosphorylates AU-rich elements (AREs)-binding proteins, like TTP/ZFP36, leading to control of stability and translation of TNF and IL6 mRNAs. Phosphorylation of TTP/ZFP36 (a major post-transcriptional regulator of TNF), promotes its binding to 14-3-3 proteins and reduces its ARE mRNA affinity resulting in inhibition of dependent degradation of ARE-containing transcript. MAPKAPK3 is activated by growth inducers and stress stimulation of cells.

Pramlintide acetate is a hormone that is released into the bloodstream, in a similar pattern as insulin. Pramlintide aids in the absorption of glucose by slowing gastric emptying, promoting satiety, and inhibiting inappropriate secretion of glucagon, a catabolic hormone that opposes the effects of insulin.

Ipamorelin is a peptide selective agonist of the ghrelin/growth hormone secretagogue receptor and a growth hormone secretagogue. Ipamorelin is a pentapeptide that was derived from GHRP1. Ipamorelin significantly increases plasma growth hormone levels in both animals and humans. Like pralmorelin and GHRP-6, ipamorelin does not affect prolactin, FSH, LH or TSH levels. However, unlike GHRP2 and GHRP6, but as growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), ipamorelin does not stimulate the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or cortisol, and is highly selective for inducing the secretion only of GH.

GDF3 is a member of the TGF-beta superfamily though it does not show similarity pattern of conserved cysteine residues. GDF3 is linked to Vg-1 and human BMP-4. GDF3 transcripts are identified mainly in adult bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and adipose tissue. GDF3 expression is upregulated strongly in high-fat-fed C57Bl/6J FABP4/aP2 null mice, which develop obesity but not the related hyperglycemia or hyperinsulinemia characteristic of type II diabetes. GDF3 expression therefore bonds fatty acid metabolism in adipocytes and the expression of a differentiation regulator belonging to the bone morphogenetic proteins.

Hepatoma Derived Growth Factor-Like 1 (HDGFL1) is a member of the HDGF family and contains 1 PWWP domain.

SNX1 belongs to the large family of hydrophilic proteins that interact with a range of receptor types that participate in intracellular trafficking. SNX1 and the associated splice variant, SNX1A, bind the EGFR, enable its transport to the lysosome, and thus contribute to the degradation of the receptor. SNX1 is related with cellular membranes, and they, also, associate with EGF, PDGF and the receptor tyrosine kinases.

MAPK10 is part of the MAP kinase protein family. MAP Kinases perform as assimilation point for many biochemical pathways. The enzyme also takes part in wide range of cellular pathways: differentiation, proliferation, development and transcription regulation.

Regulatory Factor X-Associated Ankyrin-Containing Protein (RFXANK) contains ankyrin repeats involved in protein-protein interactions. RFXANK, along with regulatory factor X-associated protein and regulatory factor-5, figures a complex which binds to the X box motif of certain MHC class II gene promoters and activates their transcription. After bound to the promoter, this complex associates with the non-DNA-binding factor MHC class II transactivator, which controls the cell type specificity and inducibility of MHC class II gene expression. Mutations in RFXANK have been linked to bare lymphocyte syndrome type II, complementation group B.

Serine/threonine-protein kinase 3 (), is a mammalian Ste20-related protein kinases most closely related to Drosophila Hippo, which is a major regulator of cell proliferation as well as survival in the course of development. STK3 is a serine/threonine kinase which functions early in a pheromone responsive signal transduction cascade in yeast. Furthermore, STK3 activates the human large tumor suppressor kinase Lats1. STK3 also modulates stress-induced cardiac hypertrophy.

Serine/threonine-protein kinase 16 (STK16) is a membrane-associated protein kinase which phosphorylates on serine and threonine residues. STK16 is involved in secretory vesicle trafficking or intracellular signaling. Furthermore, the STK16 protein may have a role in regulating stromal-epithelial interactions which occur during ductal morphogenesis in the mammary gland. STK16 can autophosphorylate on Tyr residue; it is however unclear whether STK16 has tyrosine-protein kinase toward other proteins. STK16 may also be involved in TGF-beta signaling.

GH-releasing peptides (GHRPs) are synthetic peptides that like GHRH effect on pituitary somatotrophs to stimulate GH release. The GHRP1 is one of several synthetic met-enkephalin analogs that owns unnatural D-amino acids. They were developed for their growth hormone (GH) releasing activity and called GH secretatogues. They lack opioid activity but are potent stimulators of GH release. These secretatogues are distinct from the growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH or GHRF) as they share no sequence relation and derive their function through action at a completely different receptor, the ghrelin receptor.

SUMO1 is a protein that belongs to the SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) protein family. SUMO1 functions in a manner similar to ubiquitin in that it is bound to target proteins as part of a post-translational modification system. Still, unlike ubiquitin which targets proteins for degradation, SUMO1 is involved in a variety of cellular processes, for example nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, and protein stability. SUMO1 is not active until the last four amino acids of the carboxy-terminus are cleaved off.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is derived from the transcription product of the proglucagon gene. The major source of GLP-1 in the body is the intestinal L cell that secretes GLP-1 as a guthormone. The biologically active forms of GLP-1 are: GLP-1-(7-37) and GLP-1-(7-36)NH2.
GLP-1 secretion by L cells is dependent on the presence of nutrients in the lumen of the small intestine. The secretagogues (agents that causes or stimulates secretion) of this hormone include major nutrients like carbohydrate, proteinand lipid. Once in the circulation, GLP-1 has a half life of less than 2 minutes, due to rapid degradation by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4.
GLP-1 possesses several physiological properties that make it a subject of intensive investigation as a potential treatment of diabetes mellitus. The known physiological functions of GLP-1 include: Increases insulin secretion from the pancreas in a glucose-dependent manner, decreases glucagon secretion from the pancreas, increases beta cells mass and insulin gene expression, inhibits acid secretion and gastric emptying in the stomach, decreases food intake by increasing satiety.