Search results

WLS (Wnt trafficking regulator) is a multipass transmembrane protein which regulates the sorting and secretion of Wnt protein. WLS is necessitated for organogenesis during embryogenesis and for the establishment of the anterior-posterior axis. WLS is encoded by a gene which maps to human chromosome 1 and is expressed as multiple alternatively spliced isoforms. WLS promotes various cancers such as glioma tumourigenesis.

Actin-related protein 2/3 complex subunit 2 (ARPC2), is a part of the Rho family of small GTPases and one of seven subunits of the human Arp2/3 protein complex. The Arp2/3 protein complex has been implicated in the control of actin polymerization in cells and has been conserved through evolution. Nevertheless, the exact role of the protein (the p34 subunit) has yet to be determined.

WIF1 binds to wnt proteins and inhibits their activities. WIF1 plays a role in mesoderm segmentation. WNT proteins are extracellular signaling molecules that take part in the control of embryonic development & cancer. WIF1 protein contains a WNT inhibitory factor (WIF) domain and 5 epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains. WIF1 takes part in mesoderm segmentation. WIF1 protein is found to be present in fish, amphibia and mammals. WIF1 is a recurrent target in human salivary gland oncogenesis. Downregulation of WIF1 takes part in the development and progression of pleomorphic adenomas. WIF1 is a tumor suppressor, specifically in nonfunctioning pituitary tumors.

Cell Death-Inducing DFFA-Like Effector C (CIDEC) belongs to the cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-like effector family, whose members have significant roles in apoptosis. CIDEC is expressed mainly in adipocytes, intestine, heart, stomach, and weakly in the brain, kidney and liver. CIDEC overexpression in preadipocytes induces apoptosis. CIDEC regulates enlargement of lipid droplets.

DDX39A which is a part of the DEAD box protein family is characterized by the conserved motif Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp. This pattern is implicated in a various cellular processes involving alteration of RNA secondary structure, nuclear and mitochondrial splicing, and ribosome and spliceosome assembly. Several members of the DEAD box protein family are taking part in embryogenesis, spermatogenesis, and cellular growth and division.

Norrie Disease (NDP) is a secreted regulatory protein which activates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway through FZD4 and LRP5 coreceptor. NDP takes part in retinal vascularization by acting as a ligand for FZD4 which signals through stabilizing beta-catenin (CTNNB1) and activating LEF/TCF-mediated transcriptional programs. NDP is involved in a pathway that regulates neural cell differentiation and proliferation and also in neuroectodermal cell-cell interaction.

ATP5F1 is a mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit catalyzes ATP synthesis, using an electrochemical gradient of protons all through the inner membrane for the duration of the oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is comprised of two linked multi-subunit complexes: the soluble catalytic core, F1, and the membrane-spanning component, Fo, including the proton channel. The catalytic segment of mitochondrial ATP synthase contains 9 subunits: 3 alpha, 3 beta, and one unit of gamma, delta, and epsilon. The proton route is known to have 9 subunits (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, F6 and 8).

Centromere proteins are a group of proteins which form and/or mediate the function of centromeres, the central structures of chromosomes to which spindle fibers/microtubuli attach and pull the chromosomes apart in cell division. Currently, 9 centromere proteins are known and designated CENPA to CENP-I. Most of the centromere proteins are targets of autoantibodies, the anti-centromere antibodies.
CENPB is the most important of the centromeric autoantigens: it has a molecular weight of approx. 66 kDa and plays an important role in the formation of the centromeric chromatin. CENPB antibodies are present in the sera of up to 80% of patients with CREST syndrome.

Signaling threshold-regulating transmembrane adapter 1 (SIT1) negatively regulates T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)-mediated signaling in T-cells. SIT1 is involved in positive selection of T-cells. SIT1 is specifically expressed in T- and B-cells. SIT1 is also present in plasma cells but not in germinal center B-cells (at protein level). SIT1 is expressed in T- and B-cell lymphoma.

Albumin is synthesized in the liver as preproalbumin which has an N-terminal peptide that is removed before the nascent protein is released from the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The product, proalbumin, is in turn cleaved in the Golgi vesicles to produce the secreted albumin. Albumin is a soluble, monomeric protein which comprises about one-half of the blood serum protein. Albumin functions primarily as a carrier protein for steroids, fatty acids, and thyroid hormones and plays a role in stabilizing extracellular fluid volume. Mutations in this gene on chromosome 4 result in various anomalous proteins. Albumin is a globular unglycosylated serum protein of molecular weight 65,000. The human albumin gene is 16,961 nucleotides long from the putative 'cap' site to the first poly (A) addition site. It is split into 15 exons which are symmetrically placed within the 3 domains that are thought to have arisen by triplication of a single primordial domain.
HSA is widely used to stabilize

V-Set Domain Containing T Cell Activation Inhibitor 1, also known as VCTN1, is part of the B7 costimulatory protein family. Proteins in this family are located on the surface of antigen-presenting cells and interact with ligand bound to receptors on the surface of T cells. High level of the encoded protein has been associated with tumor progression. VCTN1 also takes part in promoting epithelial cell transformation.

T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains or TIGIT, is an immune receptor located on part of T cells and Natural Killer Cells(NK). TIGIT is also known as Vstm3 and WUCAM. The receptor can bind with high affinity to dendritic cells(DCs), CD155(PVR) on macrophages, etc., and it can bind with lower affinity to CD112(PVRL2). TIGIT can inhibit the cytotoxicity of Natural Killer Cells through its ITIM domain via antibodies against the interaction with PVR and the activity is directed. It has been show on research that TIGIT-Fc fusion molecule can have interaction with PVR on dendritic cells and elevate its IL-10 secretion level or lower the secretion on IL-12 under the stimulation of LPS, moreover, it can inhibit the activation of T cell in vivo.

Resistin, a product of the RSTN gene, is a peptide hormone belonging to the class of cysteine-rich secreted proteins which is termed the RELM family, and is also described as ADSF (Adipose Tissue- Specific Secretory Factor) and FIZZ3 (Found in Inflammatory Zone). Human resistin contains 108 amino acids as a prepeptide, and its hydrofobic signal peptide is cleaved before its secretion. Resistin circulates in human blood as a dimeric protein consisting of two 92 amino acid polypeptides, which are disulfide-linked via Cys26.
Resistin may be an important link between obesity and insulin resistance. Mouse resistin, specifically produced and secreted by adipocyte, acts on skeletal muscle myocytes, hepatocytes and adipocytes themselves so that it reduces their sensitivity to insulin. Steppan et al. have suggested that resistin suppresses the ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake. They have also suggested that resistin is present at elevated levels in blood of obese mice, and is down regulated by fasting and antidiabetic drugs. Way et al., on the other hand, have found that resistin expression is severly suppressed in obesity and is stimulated by several antidiabetic drugs.
Other studies have shown that mouse resistin increases during the differentiation of adipocytes, but it also seems to inhibit adipogenesis. In contrast, the human adipogenic differentiation is likely to be associated with a down regulation of resistin gene expression.

The homeobox protein family of transcription factors has many members that take part in developmental processes such as HHEX. HHEX is known to interact with Promyelocytic leukemia protein and expression in specific hematopoietic lines indicates that this protein is involved in hematopoietic differentiation.

Agouti-related protein is an endogenous antagonist of hypothalamic alpha-melanocortin receptors MC3R and MC4R with potent orexigenic activity. Although a complete deletion of the AGRP gene does not produce any significant metabolic phenotypes, reduction in AGRP expression by RNA interference is associated with increased metabolic rate along with reduced weight gain. In hypothalamus, it is produced by neurons in the medial portion of arcuate nucleus, which produce also the potent orexigenic peptide Neuropeptide Y (NP-Y). Another site of central AGRP production is the hypothalamic nucleus. AGRP encompasses 132 amino acid residues and its alpha-melanocortin inhibiting activity results in a 34 amino acid cystine knot domain within the C-terminal (87-132) portion of the protein. Both AGRP and NP-Y expression was shown to be suppressed by leptin. Central administration of AGRP induces hyperphagia and increased gain in body weight in rodents, but may also exert metabolic effects even when hyperphagia is prevented. In the absence of hyperphagia, intracerebralventricular administration of AGRP caused significant increases in plasma leptin and insulin concentrations (twofold and 1.5-fold, respectively) and fat pad mass.
In the periphery, AGRP mRNA was found in adrenal glands, lung, testis, ovary, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in humans or rodents. In the adrenals, it was shown that AGRP antagonizes glucosteroid production mediated by MC4R. AGRP could then modulate locally the functions of some peripheral tissues such as adrenals.
In human and rat serum, detectable levels of AGRP-like activity were reported in the lower picogram range. The serum AGRP levels were elevated in obese humans compared to lean controls and increased with fasting in rats.

ARF1 is a small guanine nucleotide-binding protein that increases the enzymatic activities of cholera toxin. ARF1 is necessary and ubiquitous in eukaryotes. ARF1 takes part in vesicular transport and functioning via phospholipase D activation. ARF1 is involved in membrane traffic and organelle integrity which are closely tied to their reversible association with membranes and distinct interactions with membrane phospholipids.

Canopy FGF Signaling Regulator 1, also known as CNPY1, is expressed in the midbrain-hindbrain (MHB) boundary in zebrafish. CNPY1, which binds FGFR1, also takes part in FGF signaling.

ARF6 is a part of the ADP ribosylation factor family of GTP-binding proteins. ARF6 is restricted to the plasma membrane, and controls vesicular trafficking, remodeling of membrane lipids, and signaling pathways which lead to actin remodeling. Furthermore, ARF6 is a key player in conservation of organelle integrity, assembly of coat proteins and activation of phospholipase D.

Cysteine-Rich Secretory Protein 2 (CRISP2) regulates some ion channels activity and thereby regulates calcium fluxes during sperm capacitation. Amongst its related pathways are p53 signaling. Diseases related with CRISP2 include epididymitis and orchitis.

RELM-beta (Resistin-Like Molecule-beta) is a member of a recently identified family of secreted proteins containing a conserved cystein-rich C-terminus. The RELM family consists of resistin (also called FIZZ3), RELM-alfa (FIZZ1), RELM-beta (FIZZ2) and RELM-gamma. Only resisistin and RELM-beta were found in humans whereas all four RELM family members were identified in rodents.
RELM-beta appears to be produced as a homodimer exclusively by intestinal goblet cells and can be found in high quantities in stool. Remarkably, stool of germ-free mice displaying sterile intestinal tract does not contain RELM-beta until bacterial colonization takes place after pathogen-free mice entered natural environment. Some, but not all, colon carcinoma cell lines secrete RELM-beta into the cell culture supernatant.
The physiological function of RELM-beta is not known. High doses of recombinant RELM-beta showed hyperglycemic effects including lowered glucose disposal and increased hepatic glucose production in mice.

APTX is a DNA-binding protein which participates in single-strand DNA break repair, double-strand DNA break repair and base excision repair. APTX determines abortive DNA ligation intermediates created each at base excision sites, or while DNA ligases attempt to restore non-ligatable breaks induced by reactive oxygen species. APTX catalyzes the release of adenylate groups covalently linked to 5''-phosphate termini, resulting in the production of 5''-phosphate termini that can be efficiently rejoined. APTX hydrolyzes adenosine 5''-monophosphoramidate (AMP-NH(2)) and diadenosine tetraphosphate (AppppA), but with lower catalytic activity.

MRPS25, a 28S subunit protein, is a member of the ribosomal protein S5P family. An equivalent pseudogene is located on chromosome 4.

Family with Sequence Similarity 84, Member B (FAM84B) coprecipitated with a downstream effector of RAS, CRAF. Binding of FAM83B with CRAF interrupted CRAF/14-3-3 interactions and increased CRAF membrane localization, causing elevated MAPK and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. FAM84B is an oncogene and possibly represents a new target for therapeutic intervention.

Calcyphosine (CAPS) is a calcium-binding protein containing four EF-hand domains. CAPS protein was originally identified as thyroid protein p24 which is found in a number of epithelium and in some cells of the central nervous system. CAPS may have a role in the regulation of ion transport. In the thyroid follicular cells, CAPS is synthesized and phosphorylated in response to stimulation by thyrotropin and cAMP agonists.