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Maltose Binding Protein is a member of the maltose/maltodextrin system of E.Coli, which is accountable for the uptake and efficient catabolism of maltodextrins. The maltose/maltodextrin is a complex regulatory and transport system involving many proteins and protein complexes.
MBP elevates the yield of its fusion partner in many cases and is often able to promote the solubility of polypeptides to which it is fused.

Human Cystatin A (CSTA or Stefin A) belongs to family 1 of the cystatin superfamily, which is characterized by the lack of disulphide bonds and carbohydrates. CSTA is an intracellular inhibitor regulating the activities of cysteine proteases of the papain family such as Cathepsins B, H and L. Cystatin A has also been implicated in several disease states. Because of altered proteolytic state in cancer progression, CSTA may have a role in the proteolitic pathways.

Syntaxin-11 (STX11) belongs to the t-SNARE family. Syntaxin-11 regulates protein transport between late endosomes and the trans-Golgi network. STX11 interacts with the SNARE proteins SNAP-23 and VAMP. STX11 gene mutations are linked with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

Tachykinin-3 belongs to the substance P-related tachykinin family. Tachykinins are active peptides that stimulate neurons, induce behavioral responses, are effective vasodilators and secretagogues, and contract (directly or indirectly) many smooth muscles. TAC3 and its receptor are essential switches of regulator of human puberty, regulated by the brain through the release of the GnRH which starts a chain of processes which eventually lead to the production of sex hormones.
During pregnancy, the expression of TAC3 is restricted to the outer syncytiotrophoblast of the placenta, significant concentrations of TAC3 can be identified in plasma as early as week 9, and plasma concentrations of TAC3 are grossly elevated in pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia. Higher Tachykinin-3 concentrations in normotensive pregnant women may be caused by the advanced gestational age and/or the result of a negative interaction of other vasoactive substances. TAC3 has a role in the continuance of high placental blood flow in normal pregnancy.

Inhibitor of Growth Family Member 1, also known as ING1 is a tumor suppressor protein which is able to induce cell growth arrest and apoptosis. ING1 is a nuclear protein which physically act together with the tumor suppressor protein TP53 and is a component of the p53 signaling pathway. In addition, Reduced expression and rearrangement of ING1 have been identified in various cancers. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been described for ING1.

Latexin enzyme is a carboxypeptidase A inhibitor that is highly expressed in the heart, prostate, ovary, kidney, pancrease, brain and colon. Latexin has no noticeable sequence resemblance with plant and parasite inhibitors, however it is related to a human putative tumor suppressor protein, TIG1. Latexin is down-regulated in the presenilin-1-deficient mouse brain, thus putatively playing a role in Alzheimer's disease.

VCPKMT is a member of the methyltransferase superfamily. VCPKMT is a protein-lysine N-methyltransferase which specifically trimethylates 'Lys-315' of VCP/p97; this alteration reduces VCP ATPase activity.

Septin-3, also known as SEPT3 is a member of the septin family of GTPases. Members of this family are essential for cytokinesis. Furthermore, expression is up regulated by retinoic acid in a human teratocarcinoma cell line. The exact role of SEPT3 has not been determined yet. In addition, among its related pathways are Bacterial invasion of epithelial cells.

GCSF is a cytokine that controls the production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes. The active protein is found extracellularly. Three transcript variants encoding three different isoforms have been found for this gene. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factors are cytokines that act in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and the monocytes-macrophages. This csf induces granulocytes.

RELTis expressed in hematopoietic tissues and peripheral blood leukocytesand is a part of thetumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. RELT mediates activation of NF-kappa-B and takes part in T-cell activation.overexpression of RELT in HEK-293 cells induces p38 and JNK signalling and leads to apoptosis. it can also costimulate T-cell proliferation in the presence of CD3 signalling.

"Epiregulin is part of the EGF family. Epiregulin functions as a ligand of EGFR, as well as a ligand of most members of the ERBB (v-erb-b2 oncogene homolog) family of tyrosine-kinase receptors.Epiregulin is expressed mostly in the placenta and peripheral blood leukocytes and in specific carcinomas of the bladder, lung, kidney and colon. Epiregulin stimulates the proliferation of keratinocytes, hepatocytes, fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells. Epiregulin inhibits the growth of several tumor-derived epithelial cell lines. Human Epiregulin is initially synthesized as a glycosylated 19.0 kDa transmembrane precursor protein, which is processed by proteolytic cleavage to produce a 6.0 kDa mature secreted sequence."

The galectins are a family of beta-galactoside-binding proteins implicated in modulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Galectin-1 is an autocrine negative growth factor that regulates cell proliferation. Galectin-1 regulates cell apoptosis and cell differentiation. Galectin-1 binds CD45, CD3 and CD4 & inhibits CD45 protein phosphatase activity and therefore the dephosphorylation of lyn kinase. Galectin-1 and its ligands are one of the master regulators of immune responses as T-cell homeostasis and survival, T-cell immune disorders, inflammation and allergies as well as host–pathogen interactions. Galectin-1 expression or overexpression in tumors and/or the tissue surrounding them must be considered as a sign of the malignant tumor progression that is often related to the long-range dissemination of tumoral cells (metastasis), to their dissemination into the surrounding normal tissue, and to tumor immune-escape. Galectin-1 in its oxidized form plays a number of important roles in the regeneration of the central nervous system after injury. The targeted overexpression (or delivery) of Galectin-1 should be considered as a method of choice for the treatment of some kinds of inflammation-related diseases, neurodegenerative pathologies and muscular dystrophies. In contrast, the targeted inhibition of Galectin-1 expression is what should be developed for therapeutic applications against cancer progression. Galectin-1 is thus a promising molecular target for the development of new and original therapeutic tools. There is 88% homology between the human and mouse galectin-1.

Omentin is a recently recognized gene highly localized to the mental tissue (visceral adipose tissue). Omentin is present in the stromal vascular cells in the adipose tissue rather than in the adipocytes. Omentin is predominantly expressed in the visceral adipose tissue than the subcutaneous tissue, with the omentin mRNA being 150 times higher in the visceral adipose tissue. Omentin has also been detected in human blood using western blot analysis, and seems to increase insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in mice. Omentin seems to increase Akt phosphorylation irrespective of insulin presence. Its role in glucose metabolism and obesity remains to be described; an insulin-sensitizing action is possible.Differences in Omentin expression has been noted in adipose tissue from normals and patients with inflammatory bowel disease although its significance is unknown

Oncostatin M is a member of a cytokine family that includes leukemia-inhibitory factor, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin 6. This gene encodes a growth regulator which inhibits the proliferation of a number of tumor cell lines. It regulates cytokine production, including IL-6, G-CSF and GM-CSF from endothelial cells.

PFDN4 belongs to the prefoldin beta subunit family. PFDN4 is a heterohexameric chaperone protein that can capture unfolded actin and is a possible transcription factor. Six prefoldin polypeptides, prefoldin 1-6, are known.

CARD18 belongs to the death-domain-fold superfamily which is induced by proinflammatory stimuli. CARD18 contains basically only a Caspase recruitment domain, inhibits generation of IL-1b by cooperating with caspase-1 and inhibiting connotation with RIP 2. The connotation of CARD18 to caspase-1 is enabled by the charge-charge interactions between the prodomain of caspase-1 and the surface charge of CARD18.

TSG101 is a member of apparently inactive homologs of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. TSG101 contains a coiled-coil domain that interacts with stathmin, a cytosolic phosphoprotein implicated in tumorigenesis. TSG101 is involved in cell growth and differentiation and acts as a negative growth regulator. TSG101 in vitro steady-state expression is important for maintenance of genomic stability and cell cycle regulation. TSG101 mutations and alternative splicing occur in high rate in breast cancer and implicate that defects occur during breast cancer tumorigenesis and/or progression. TSG101 is a factor of the ESCRT-I complex, a monitor of vesicular trafficking process. TSG101 binds to ubiquitinated cargo proteins and is needed for the sorting of endocytic ubiquitinated cargos into multivesicular bodies. TSG101 is needed for completion of cytokinesis and is involved in cell growth and differentiation.

Heat-stable enterotoxins (STa) are small, cysteine-rich peptides secreted by Escherichia coli that are able to induce diarrhea through the stimulation of an intestine-specific receptor-guanylyl cyclase known as STaR. Binding of STa to STaR induces a dramatic increase in the cGMP content of the cell; the increase, in turn, inhibits salt absorption and stimulates chloride secretion. This imbalance of ions is accompanied by a massive accumulation of water in the gut that gives rise to the diarrhea and dehydration characteristic of enterotoxin activity. The identification of a receptor for STa on intestinal brush border membranes suggested the existence of an endogenous activator, described guanylin, a 15-amino acid peptide purified from rat small intestine, as a potential ligand for the STaR. This peptide shares sequence similarity with STa; see also uroguanylin. The molecular cloning of the human and mouse cDNAs encoding guanylin was reported. The sequences demonstrated that guanylin is present at the C-terminal end of a larger precursor protein. Expression in mammalian cells indicated that the 94- amino acid proguanylin is inactive. The biologically active guanylin can be released by either chemical or enzymatic treatment of proguanylin. By Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization, showed that expression of guanylin mRNA is restricted to cells of the intestinal epithelium, specifically the Paneth cells at the base of the small intestinal crypts. These results demonstrate that guanylin is an endogenous activator of STaR isolated a cDNA encoding an apparent precursor of guanylin from a human intestinal cDNA library. The mRNA was expressed at high levels in human ileum and colon. In the mouse, interspecific backcross analysis used to map the Guca2 gene to the distal half of mouse chromosome 4 in a region of homology with human chromosome 1p. By fluorescence in situ hybridization mapped the GUCA2 gene to human 1p35-p34 Guanylin is thought to modulate intestinal water/electrolyte transport in a paracrine mode reported the nucleotide sequence of the gene, the characteristics of its circulating molecular form, and its localization in enterochromaffin cells of the gut. The gene, approximately 2.6 kb in size, consists of 3 exons interrupted by 2 introns. The hormonal form of guanylin is a 94-amino acid peptide with a molecular mass of 10.3 kDa. Guanylin is synthesized by gut enterochromaffin cells as a prohormone of 115 amino acids and is processed to the molecular form of 94 amino acids circulating in the blood.

RSU1 is a protein which is involved in the ras signal transduction pathway, growth inhibition, and nerve-growth factor induced differentiation processes, as has been established in mouse and human cell line studies. In mouse, RSU1 was originally isolated based on its ability to inhibit v-Ras transformation. RSU1 oossibly has a role in the Ras signal transduction pathway. RSU1 is also capable of suppressing v-Ras transformation in vitro.

Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II Inhibitor 2 (CAMK2N2) is a protein coding gene which regulates cell growth when overexpressed in colon adenocarcinoma LoVo cells. CAMK2N2 plays a role as a cellular inhibitor of CaM-kinase II (CAMK2).

Renin is a highly specific endopeptidase which generates angiotensin I from angiotensinogen in the plasma. angiotensin I is an important regulator of blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Renin initiates a cascade of reactions that produce an elevation of blood pressure and increased sodium retention by the kidney.

GH is a member of the somatotropin/prolactin family of hormones which play an important role in growth control. The gene, along with four other related genes, is located at the growth hormone locus on chromosome 17 where they are interspersed in the same transcriptional orientation; an arrangement which is thought to have evolved by a series of gene duplications. The five genes share a remarkably high degree of sequence identity. Alternative splicing generates additional isoforms of each of the five growth hormones, leading to further diversity and potential for specialization. This particular family member is expressed in the pituitary but not in placental tissue as is the case for the other four genes in the growth hormone locus. Mutations in or deletions of the gene lead to growth hormone deficiency and short stature.

Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor beta isoform 1 (GDI2) is a member of the GDP dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) family. GDI proteins can bind and release GDP-bound Rab proteins from membranes. GDI1 interacts with virtually all of the Rab proteins, whereas GDI2 interacts with Rabll but not Rab3A. GDI2 distributes ubiquitously, presenting a membrane bound location in perinuclear regions of cells.