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Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is involved in endometrial menstrual breakdown, regulation of vascularization and the inflammatory response. MMP-2 contains a number of distinct domains: a prodomain that is cleaved upon activation; a catalytic domain containing the zinc binding site; a fibronectin like domain believed to have a role in substrate targeting; and a carboxyl terminal (hemopexin like) domain containing 2 N-linked glycosylation. The MMP-2 can degrade an extensive array of substrates including type IV, V, VII and X collagens as well as gelatin type I. In addition, MMP-2 interacts with THBS2, TIMP2, Thrombospondin 1, CCL7 and TIMP4. MMP-2 autocatalytic cleavage in the C-terminal generates the anti-angiogenic peptide, PEX. This process seems to be made possible by binding integrinv/beta3. Defects in the MMP-2 are the cause of Torg-Winchester syndrome (TWS), aka multicentric osteolysis nodulosis and arthropathy (MONA).

NDUFV3 is one of no less than 41 subunits which form the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex that is involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and assists in catalyzing the rotenone-sensitive oxidation of NADH and the reduction of ubiquinone. NDUFV3 is 1 of 3 proteins found in the flavoprotein fraction of the complex but it exact function is unknown. Two transcript variants encoding altered isoforms are known for this gene.

The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) receptors are a family of transmembrane serine/threonine kinases that include the type I receptors BMPR1A and BMPR1B and the type II receptor BMPR2. These receptors are also closely related to the receptors, ACVR1 and ACVR2. The ligands of these receptors are members of the TGF-beta superfamily. TGF-betas transduce their signals through the formation of heteromeric complexes with 2 different types of serine (threonine) kinase receptors: type I receptors of about 50-55 kD and type II receptors of about 70-80 kD. Type II receptors bind ligands in the absence of type I receptors, but they require their respective type I receptors for signaling, whereas type I receptors require their respective type II receptors for ligand binding.

Dickkopf-related protein 3 (DKK3) belongs to the DKK protein family including Dkk-1, 2, 3 and -4. DKK3 is a 350 amino acid secreted glycoprotein which is comprised of an N-terminal signal peptide and 2 conserved cysteine-rich domains that are separated by a 12 amino acid linker region. DKK3 is involved in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway. DKK3 gene expression is decreased in a variety of cancer cell lines and it may act as a tumor suppressor gene.

AKR1A1 is part of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily, it catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction from a range of aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes to their related alcohols. AKR1A1 corresponds (65% identity) to aldose reductase, an enzyme that takes part in the pathogenesis of some diabetic and galactosemic complications. AKR1A1 is involved in the activation of procarcinogens, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon trans-dihydrodiols, and in the metabolism of various xenobiotics and drugs.

CBR4 is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family. CBR4 has a role in biosynthesis of fatty acids in the mitochondria and a broad substrate specificity and reduces 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, 1,4-benzoquinone and a range of other o-quinones and p-quinones (in vitro). CBR4 formation of a heteroteramer with HSD17B8 has NADH-dependent 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein reductase activity for o- and p-quinones.

Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 4 (DHRS4) is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. DHRS4 reduces all trans retinal and 9-cis retinal. In addition, the DHRS4 protein can catalyze the oxidation of all trans retinol with NADP as cofactor, but with a much lower efficiency. Furthermore, DHRS4 reduces alkyl phenyl ketones and alpha dicarbonyl compounds with aromatic rings, such as pyrimidine 4 aldehyde, 3 benzoylpyridine, 4 benzoylpyridine, menadione and 4 hexanoylpyridine.

Discoidin Domain Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 2 (DDR2) which is mostly expressed in mesenchymal cells is a part of the discoidin-like domain containing subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases. DDR2 whose ligand is fibrillar collagen rather than a growth factor-like peptide is unique among RTKs. DDR2 regulates cell differentiation, remodeling of the extracellular matrix, cell migration and cell proliferation. DDR2 is also essential for normal bone development.

Tryptophanase, also known as tnaA, catalyzes chemical reaction using 2 substrates which are L-tryptophan and H2O. tnaA protein's three products are indole, pyruvate, and NH3.

CDC34 takes part in the control of cell cycle and DNA replication. Cdc34 in association with different E3 complexes, including SCF, targets many different substrates for ubiquitination and degradation during cell division, signal transduction, and development. Cdc34 substrates that have been characterized include B-Myb, Wee1, MyoD, ATF5, p27Xic1, and p27Kip1. Additionally, substrates such as p21Cip1, E2F, cyclin E, and cyclin D are putative substrates of Cdc34 by virtue of their SCF requirement for proteolysis. Cdc34 is self-associate through a domain in the C-terminus, and is phosphorylated and ubiquitinylated in vivo. CDC34is useful for in vitro ubiquitinylation reactions.

DPP4 also called adenosine deaminase complexing protein-2, and T-cell activation antigen CD26 is a serine exopeptidase and complex enzyme that is expressed on the surface of most cell types. DPPIV is an intrinsic membrane glycoprotein and a serine exopeptidase that cleaves X-proline dipeptides from the N-terminus of polypeptides. DPP4 plays a role in t-cell activation. DPP4 is associated with intracellular signal transduction, apoptosis and involved in tumor biology. There are at least 63 substrates which can bind specifically to DPP4 enzyme including growth factors, chemokines, neuro peptides. Furthermore, DPP4 plays a major role in glucose metabolism by cleaving incretins such as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and GLP-1.

Legumain, also known as LGMN is a lysosomal cysteine protease which is found in all mouse tissues, however it was mainly abundant in the kidney as well as placenta. LGMN plays an essential role in the endosomal/lysosomal degradation system as the Legumain deficiency causes the accumulation of pro cathepsins B, H & L, another group of lysosomal cysteine proteases. Furthermore, over expression of LGMN in tumors is important for invasion/metastasis.

Phosphoglycolate phosphatase (PGP) is discovered in all tissues including red cells, lymphocytes and cultured fibroblasts (at protein level). PGP is most active in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle. The catalytic activity of PGP is 2-phosphoglycolate + H2O = glycolate + phosphate. Diseases associated with PGP include tardive dyskinesia and polycystic kidney disease.

AASDHPPT is a member of the P-Pant transferase superfamily. AASDHPPT catalyzes the post-translational modification of target proteins by phosphopantetheine and can transfer the 4'-phosphopantetheine moiety from coenzyme A to a serine residue of a broad range of acceptors, such as the acyl carrier domain of FASN (in vitro). AASDHPPT is similar to Saccharomyces cerevisiae LYS5, which is required for the activation of the alpha-aminoadipate dehydrogenase in the biosynthetic pathway of lysine. AASDHPPT is found in the heart, skeletal muscle, placenta, testis, brain, pancreas, liver and kidney. It’s been suggested that defects in the human AASDHPPT gene result in pipecolic acidemia.

AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase 3 (Akt3) is a member of the Akt subfamily of serine/threonine protein kinases. Akt3is 1/3 closely related serine/threonine-protein kinases (Akt1, Akt2 and Akt3) called the Akt kinase and which regulate various processes including proliferation, metabolism, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis. The mentioned above is mediated through serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of a range of downstream substrates. Akt3 takes part in brain development and is critical for the viability of malignant glioma cells.

GADD45GIP1 is a nuclear protein which takes part in apoptosis control. GADD45GIP1 is expressed in several tissues, such as heart, thyroid, trachea, kidney, ovary, pancreas, testis and stomach and acts as a negative regulator of G1 to S phase cell cycle production by collaborating with GADD45 proteins to inhibit the activity of cyclin-dependent kinases.

Dickkopf-related protein 3 (DKK3) belongs to the DKK protein family including Dkk-1, 2, 3 and -4. DKK3 is a 350 amino acid secreted glycoprotein which is comprised of an N-terminal signal peptide and 2 conserved cysteine-rich domains that are separated by a 12 amino acid linker region. DKK3 is involved in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway. DKK3 gene expression is decreased in a variety of cancer cell lines and it may act as a tumor suppressor gene.

Recombinant Human Cytokeratin 20 His Tag (KRT20) belongs to the keratin family. The keratins are intermediate filament proteins responsible for the structural integrity of epithelial cells and are subdivided into cytokeratins and hair keratins. The type I cytokeratins is comprised of acidic proteins that are organized in pairs of heterotypic keratin chains. KRT20 is a main cellular protein of mature enterocytes and goblet cells and is specifically expressed in the gastric and intestinal mucosa.

ErbB3, also called Her3 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 3), is a type I membrane glycoprotein that is a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase receptors. ErbB family members serve as receptors for the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family of growth factors. Among ErbB family members, ErbB3 is unique in that it contains a defective kinase domain. ErbB3 is expressed in keratinocytes, melanocytes, skeletal muscle cells, embryonic myoblasts and Schwann cells. Monomeric ErbB3 serves as a low affinity receptor for the heregulins (HRG). ErbB3 can induce specific antibody production in vivo, hence to inhibit tumor cell growth. ErbB-3 can be used to treat early, medium and advanced or post-operative breast cancer with over-expression of ErbB2. According to its mechanism of action, ErbB3 is classified as a therapeutic for cancer.

Human Ubquitin Conjugating Enzyme 9 (Ubc9) is a member of the E2 family and is specific for the conjugation of SUMO to a variety of target proteins. SUMO conjugation to target proteins is mediated by a different, but analogous, pathway to ubiquitinylation. This E2 is unusual in that it interacts directly with protein substrates that are modified by sumolyation, and may play a role in substrate recognition. Ubc9 can mediate the conjugation of SUMO-1 to a variety of proteins including RanGAP1, I?B?, and PML without the requirement of an E3 ligase.

Tyrosine Kinase ErbB-4 (ErbB4) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family whose members play a role as receptors for the EGF family of growth factors. ErbB4is a single-pass type I transmembrane protein with multiple furin-like cysteine rich domains,PDZ domain binding motif, a tyrosine kinase domain and a phosphotidylinositol-3 kinase binding site. ErbB4binds its ligands with low affinity and is expressed in normal skeletal muscle, heart, pituitary, brain and some breast carcinomas. Monomeric ErbB4 takes part in neuronal development and development of the heart and cancer.

ASS1 is involved in the urea cycle, which is a sequence of chemical reactions that is localized in liver cells. The urea cycle processes excess nitrogen that is generated as the body uses proteins. The surplus nitrogen is used to create a molecule called urea, which is excreted from the body in urine.

BAT1 belongs to the DEAD box family of RNA-dependent ATPases that mediate ATP hydrolysis during pre-mRNA splicing. UAP56 protein is a vital splicing factor which is needed for connecting U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein with pre-mRNA, as well as takes a key part in mRNA export from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Mutations in this protein may be connected to rheumatoid arthritis.