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RRM2 catalyzes the formation of deoxyribonucleotides from ribonucleotides. Synthesis RRM2 is regulated in a cell-cycle dependent method. RRM2 supplies the precursors essential for DNA synthesis. RRM2 catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides. RRM2 Inhibits Wnt signaling.

NMNAT1 enzyme is vital for NAD biosynthesis, catalyzing the condensation of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NaMN) with the AMP moiety of ATP to form NAD or NaAD. NMNAT1 is widely expressed with high levels in skeletal muscle, heart, liver and kidney. This protein appears to have the ability to protect against axonal degeneration following mechanical or toxic insults.

Guanosine monophosphate reductase (GMPR) catalyzes the irreversible NADPH-dependent deamination of GMP to IMP. GMPR acts in the conversion of nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide derivatives of G to A nucleotides, and in upholding the intracellular balance of A and G nucleotides. In addition, the GMPR protein functions in the re-utilization of free intracellular bases and purine nucleosides.

UPP1 catalyzes the reversible phosphorylytic cleavage of uridine and deoxyuridine to uracil and ribose- or deoxyribose-1-phosphate which are used as carbon and energy sources or in the release of pyrimidine bases for nucleotide synthesis. UPP1 is part of the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the pentosyltransferases. Pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylases add ribose or deoxyribose to pyrimidine bases to form nucleosides that can be incorporated into RNA or DNA.

tRNA aspartic acid methyltransferase 1 (TRDMT1) is a member of the C5-methyltransferase family. TRDMT1 specifically methylates cytosine 38 in the anticodon loop of tRNA(Asp). TRDMT1 is a protein responsible for the methylation of aspartic acid transfer RNA, particularly at the cytosine-38 residue in the anticodon loop. In addition, the TRDMT1 enzyme has residual DNA-(cytosine-C5) methyltransferase activity. TRDMT1 is expressed ubiquitously; however it has a higher expression in the testis, ovary and thymus and at much lower levels in the spleen, prostate, colon, small intestine, and peripheral blood leukocytes. Though similar in sequence and structure to DNA cytosine methyltransferases, the TRDMT1 gene is distinctive and extremely conserved in its function between taxa.

GF-like family receptor 1 (IGFLR1) is encoded by a gene mapping to human chromosome 19. IGFLR1 which is cell membrane receptor for the IGF-like family proteins binds IGFL1 and IGFL3 with a higher affinity and may as well bind IGFL2.

Placental alkaline phosphatase also known as PLAP is a membranal siaglycoprotein enzyme typicallyfoundin high concentration in syncytiotrophoblasts in the placenta amid the 3th trimester of gestation. The expression of PLAP was at firstconsidered to be onlyin the term placenta, though, a human PLAP-like variant has been found,thathas more than 85% homology with PLAP itself. PLAP is expressed strictly in normal term placenta, endocervix & fallopian tube and in ovarian and proximal gastrointestinal tumors. It is also widely expressed in germ cell tumors and more recently found in seminomas.

Glutamic-Pyruvate Transaminase 2 (GPT2) catalyzes the reversible transamination among alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to create pyruvate and glutamate. GPT2 expressed mainly in muscle, fat and kidney and participates in the intermediary metabolism of glucose and amino acids.

Alpha-galactosidase A (GLA) is a homodimeric glycoprotein which hydrolyses the terminal alpha-galactosyl moieties from glycolipids and glycoproteins. GLA catalyzes the hydrolysis of melibiose into galactose and glucose. Various mutations in the GLA gene affect the synthesis, processing, and stability of this enzyme, which causes Fabry disease (a rare lysosomal storage disorder which results from a failure to catabolize alpha-D-galactosyl glycolipid moieties).

Inositol Monophosphatase Domain Containing 1 or IMPAD1 is a protein, part of the inositol monophosphatase group of proteins. The protein is found in Golgi apparatus and enhances phosphoadenosine phosphate hydrolysis to adenosine monophosphate. When Mutation in the IMPAD1 gene occurs leads to GRAPP type chondrodysplasia and therefore joint dislocations. On long arm chromosome 1 a pseudogene can be found.

SSU72 is an extremely conserved homologue of yeast Ssu72, a CTD phosphatase and a component of the polyadenylation/termination machinery. SSU72 interacts with TFIIB, Rb and DNAM-1 and operates to catalyze the dephosphorylation of target proteins, and taking part in RNA processing and termination via dephosphorylation of Pol II. SSU72 is found in multiple alternatively spliced isoforms.

Cytosolic and membrane-bound types of GST are encoded by 2 different supergene families. There are 8 classes of the soluble cytoplasmic mammalian GST: alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. The mu class of enzymes functions in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione. The genes encoding the mu class of enzymes are arranged in a gene cluster on chromosome 1p13.3 and aare highly polymorphic. These genetic differences can change an individual's resistance to carcinogens and toxins as well as affect the toxicity and efficacy of certain drugs. Null mutations of this class mu gene have been linked with the rise in a number of cancers.

Thymine-DNA glycosylase (TDG) is a member of the TDG/mug DNA glycosylase family.
TDG is a nuclear protein that fixes G/T mismatches to G/C pairs by hydrolyzing the carbon-nitrogen bond between the sugar-phosphate backbone of the DNA and the mispaired thymin. In addition, TDG removes uracil and 5-bromouracil from mispairings with guanine. The TDG enzyme has an essential role in cellular defense against genetic mutation triggered by the spontaneous deamination of 5-methylcytosine and cytosine.

Acid Phosphatase-2, also known as ACP2 is composed of two subunits, Alpha & beta, and is chemically as well as genetically distinct from red cell acid phosphatase. ACP2 belongs to a family of distinct isoenzymes which hydrolyze orthophosphoric monoesters to alcohol and phosphate. In addition, Acid phosphatase deficiency is caused by mutations in the ACP2-beta subunit as well as ACP3-alpha subunit genes.

Legumain, also known as LGMN is a lysosomal cysteine protease which is found in all mouse tissues, however it was mainly abundant in the kidney as well as placenta. LGMN plays an essential role in the endosomal/lysosomal degradation system as the Legumain deficiency causes the accumulation of pro cathepsins B, H & L, another group of lysosomal cysteine proteases. Furthermore, over expression of LGMN in tumors is important for invasion/metastasis.

Luciferase is a general term for the class of oxidative enzymes used in bioluminescence and is distinct from a photoprotein. Luciferase catalyzes a bioluminescent reaction which involves the substrate luciferin as well as Mg2+ and ATP, produces green light with a wavelength of 562 nm. Luciferase from firefly is broadly used as a reporter for studying gene regulation and function, and for pharmaceutical screening.

GOT2 is a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme which is found in cytoplasmic and inner-membrane mitochondrial forms, GOT1 and GOT2. GOT2 is invloved in amino acid metabolism and the urea and tricarboxylic acid cycles. The 2 enzymes are homodimeric and demonstrate close homology.

NNMT is part of the family of transferases, especially those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. NNMT is mostly expressed in the liver, and a lower expression is seen in the kidney, lung, skeletal muscle, placenta and heart. NNMT catalyzes the N-methylation of nicotinamide and other pyridines to form pyridinium ions. This activity is significant for biotransformation of many drugs and xenobiotic compounds. NNMT is accountable for the enzymatic activity which uses S-adenosyl methionine as the methyl donor. NNMT expression is related with tumor stage and DFS time in hepatocellular carcinoma cases. NNMT is a good candidate as a tumor marker of various kinds of cancers. NNMT serum levels have significance in the premature detection and in the management of patients with colorectal cancer.

PDE6H belongs to the rod/cone cGMP-PDE gamma subunit family, which selectively catalyze the hydrolysis of 3 cyclic phosphate bonds in adenosine and/or guanine 3,5 cyclic monophosphate (cAMP and/or cGMP). This family regulates the cellular levels, localization and duration of action of these second messengers by controlling the rate of their degradation. PDE6H is the inhibitory (or gamma) subunit of the cone-specific cGMP phosphodiesterase, which is atetramer composed of two catalytic chains (alpha and beta), and two inhibitory chains (gamma). PDE6H is particularly expressed in the retina, and is implicated in the transmission and amplification of the visual signal. Mutations in PDE6H have been associated with retinal cone dystrophy type 3A.

Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyzes the primary and rate-limiting stage in tryptophan catabolism to N-formyl-kynurenine. IDO1 affects on various tryptophan substrates including D-tryptophan, and serotonin and is expressed in dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages. IDO1 takes part in a range of pathophysiological processes like neuropathology, antimicrobial and antitumor defense, immunoregulation, and antioxidant activity. IDO1 regulates T-cell behavior by its pericellular catabolization of the necessary amino acid tryptophan.

Deoxyuridine Triphosphatase (DUT) is a ubiquitous enzyme that functions in nucleotide metabolism. Deoxyuridine Triphosphatase, in the presence of magnesium ions, is responsible for hydrolyzing dUTP to dUMP and diphosphate. This reaction is imperative for keeping the intracellular dUTP concentration low so that uracil does not become incorporated into DNA. Extensive integration of uracil into DNA can eventually lead to cell death. This suggests that DUT is crucial for cell viability, further implying that it is a prospective target for anticancer therapy.

PPA2 shares great imagination with members of the inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase) family. PPA2 is localized to the mitochondrion and owns the signature sequence necessary for the catalytic activity of PPase. PPases catalyze the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate to inorganic phosphate, which is vital for the phosphate metabolism of cells.

WWOX is a proapoptotic protein and a tumor suppressor protein. WWOX is found in all eukaryotes and involved in the regulation of a broad range of cellular functions such as protein degradation, transcription, and RNA splicing. WWOX functions synergistically with TP53/p53 to control genotoxic stress-induced cell death. WWOX takes part in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated cell death. Loss of WWOX expression is associated with pancreatobiliary cancers. Reduced expression levels of WWOX protein is associated with the pathogenesis of basal-like differentiation in breast cancer. Loss of WWOX expression is associated with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. WWOX gene alteration is an early genetic alteration contributes to oral carcinogenesis. WWOX induces apoptosis and inhibits human hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth through a mechanism enhanced by JNK inhibition.

PRTN3 is a polymorphonuclear leukocyte serine protease which degrades elastin, fibronectin, laminin, vitronectin, and collagen types I, III, and IV (in vitro) and causes emphysema once managed by tracheal insufflation to hamsters.