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Neuromedin B (NMB) which is a part of the bombesin/neuromedin-B/ranatensin family and stimulates smooth muscle contraction in a way similar to that of bombesin.

GST family of enzymes comprises a long list of cytosolic, mitochondrial, and microsomal proteins that are 45-55 kDa (dimer form) size and are capable of multiple reactions with a multitude of substrates, both endogenous and xenobiotic. GST catalyses the conjugation of reduced glutathione meaning the sulfhydryl group, to electrophilic centers on a wide variety of substrates. This activity is useful in the detoxification of endogenous compounds such as peroxidised lipids, as well as the metabolism of xenobiotics. GST binds toxins and function as transport protein. Glutathione S-transferase is used to create the so-called 'GST gene fusion system'. The GST is used to purify and detect proteins of interest. In a GST gene fusion system, the GST sequence is incorporated into an expression vector alongside the gene sequence encoding the protein of interest. Induction of protein expression from the vector's multiple cloning sites results in expression of a fusion protein - the protein of interest fused to the GST protein. This GST-fusion protein can then be purified from cells via its high affinity for glutathione. Fusion proteins offer an important biological assay for direct protein-to-protein interactions. The GST tag has the size of 220 amino acids, which, compared to other tags like the myc- or the FLAG-tag, is quite big. It is fused to the N-terminus of a protein. However, many commercially-available sources of GST-tagged plasmids include a thrombin domain for cleavage of the GST tag during protein purification. A GST-tag is often used to separate and purify proteins that contain the GST-fusion. GST-fusion proteins can be produced in Escherichia coli, as recombinant proteins.

Defensins form a family of microbicidal and cytotoxic peptides made by neutrophils. Members of the defensin family are highly similar in protein sequence. This gene encodes defensin, beta 103A, which has broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and may play an important role in innate epithelial defense.

P450 Oxidoreductase, also known as POR is a flavoprotein which contributes electrons to all microsomal P450 enzymes. POR is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it is also capable of transfering electrons to heme oxygenase as well as cytochrome b5. POR is structurally related to two separate flavoprotein families; first one is ferredoxin nucleotide reductase and the second flavodoxin.

BTLA, also known as B & T Lymphocyte Associated, is an inhibitory molecule which is part of the Ig superfamily. BTLA is a type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein in the CD28 family of T cell costimulatory molecules. BTLA is a 3rd inhibitory receptor on T lymphocytes with resemblances to CTLA-4 & PD-1. Moreover, BTLA is a ligand for TNF (receptor) superfamily, TNFRSF14, and HVEM. BTLA-HVEM complexes negatively regulate T-cell immune responses.

PDGF-BB is a member of the platelet-derived growth factor family. The four members of this family are mitogenic factors for cells of mesenchymal origin and are characterized by a motif of eight cysteines. This gene product can exist either as a homodimer (PDGF-BB) or as a heterodimer with the platelet-derived growth factor alpha polypeptide (PDGF-AB), where the dimers are connected by disulfide bonds. Mutations in this gene are associated with meningioma. Reciprocal translocations between chromosomes 22 and 7, at sites where this gene and that for COL1A1 are located, are associated with a particular type of skin tumor called dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans resulting from unregulated expression of growth factor. Two splice variants have been identified for this gene.

P4HB is a multifunctional and highly abundant enzyme that is part of the protein disulfide isomerase family. When present as a tetramer consisting of two alpha and two beta subunits, P4HB has a role in hydroxylation of prolyl residues in preprocollagen. P4HB is a disulfide isomerase containing two thioredoxin domains that catalyze the formation, breakage and rearrangement of disulfide bonds.

PBLD is member of the phenazine biosynthesis-like protein (PhzF) family. PBLD which is expressed in most tissues is the only representative of the PhzF family in the human genome. PBLD participates in the MAPK signaling pathway. PBLD is involved in multiple basic cellular functions, its expression is elevated in several disease processes, including folate deficiency and hypotension.

Integrins are heterodimeric proteins consist of alpha and beta subunits. There are more than 18 alpha and 8 beta subunits discovered in mammals. Integrin family members are membrane receptors that participates in cell adhesion and recognition in a variety of processes including embryogenesis, hemostasis, tissue repair, immune response and metastatic diffusion of tumor cells. ITGB1 encodes a beta subunit.

FARSB, also known as Phenylalanyl-TRNA Synthetase Beta is a member of the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase beta subunit family. FARSB is composed tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits. In the presence of ATP, this tetramer is accountable for attaching L-phenylalanine to the terminal adenosine of the appropriate tRNA.

NGF-beta has nerve growth stimulating activity and the complex is involved in the regulation of growth and the differentiation of sympathetic and certain sensory neurons. Mutations in this gene have been associated with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, type 5 (HSAN5), and dysregulation of this gene's expression is associated with allergic rhinitis.

GOT2 is a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme which is found in cytoplasmic and inner-membrane mitochondrial forms, GOT1 and GOT2. GOT2 takes part in amino acid metabolism and the urea and tricarboxylic acid cycles. Both enzymes are homodimeric and demonstrate close homology.

Hexokinases phosphorylate glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate, thus committing glucose to the glycolytic pathway. HK3 encodes hexokinase 3. Similar to hexokinases 1 and 2, this allosteric enzyme is inhibited by its product glucose-6-phosphate. Hexokinase3 lacks the hydrophobic N-terminal sequence critical for targeting to mitochondria. Hexpkinase3 may have anabolic functions, providing H6P for glycogen or lipid synthesis.

BAK1 is a member of the BCL2 protein family. The BCL2 family members form oligomers or heterodimers and act as anti- or pro-apoptotic regulators which are involved in a wide variety of cellular activities. The BAK1 gene encodes a receptor-like kinase (RLK) with a putative extracellular domain, a single transmembrane domain, an intracellular-juxtamembrane domain, and a kinase domain. BAK1 localizes to mitochondria, and functions to induce apoptosis. BAK1 interacts with and accelerates the opening of the mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel, leading to a loss in membrane potential and the release of cytochrome c. Furthermore, BAK1 interacts with the tumor suppressor P53 after exposure to cell stress. BAK1 expression is linked to the progression of Prostate cancer.

B2 microglobulin is an 11 kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. It is the small subunit of the MHC class I molecule. Association with beta 2-microglobulin is generally required for the transport of class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. ?2 microglobulin associates with class I-like molecules such as CD1 and Qa as well as with the alpha chain of MHC class I molecules. Very limited amounts of MHC class I molecules can be found on the surface in the absence of ?2 microglobulin. CD8 T cells cannot develop in the absence of MHC class I.
Beta 2-microglobulin is present in small amounts in serum, csf, and urine of normal people, and to a much greater degree in the urine and plasma of patients with tubular proteinaemia, renal failure, or kidney transplants. Human Beta 2 microglobulin levels can rise either because its rate of synthesis has increased (e.g. in AIDS, malignant monoclonal plasma cell dyscrasia, solid tumors and autoimmune disease) or because of impaired renal filtration (e.g. due to renal insufficiency, graft rejection or nephrotoxicity induced by post-transplantation immunosuppressive therapy). Beta-2 microglobulin levels might also be elevated in multiple myeloma and lymphoma cases. Dialysis-related amyloidosis develops after a long-term hemodialysis, it can aggregate into amyloid fibers that deposit in joint spaces.

Chromosome 7 Open Reading Frame 49 (C7ORF49) is affiliated with the lncRNA class. C7ORF49 characterizes the hamster ortholog and suggests that it may modulate the ability of the proteasome to degrade retroviral cores upon cellular infection.

CES1 is a part of the alpha/beta fold hydrolase familyand participates in the detoxification of xenobiotics and in the activation of ester and amide prodrugs. CES1hydrolyzes aromatic and aliphatic esters, although it has no catalytic activity toward amides or a fatty acyl-CoA ester. CES1hydrolyzes the methyl ester group of cocaine to form benzoylecgonine and catalyzes the transesterification of cocaine to form cocaethylene. CES1also plays a role in detoxification in the lung and protection of the central nervous system from ester or amide compounds.CES1 is found in most tissues, mainly in the liver.

TRAF2 protein is related with transduce signals from members of the TNFR superfamily. TRAF2 is located in the cytoplasm binds to TRAF1, TRAF2, or TRAF3, thus inhibiting TRAF function by sequestering the TRAFs in a suppressed state in the cytoplasm. Overexpression of TANK inhibits TRAF2-mediated NF-Kappa-B activation signaled by CD40 and both TNF receptors and inhibits LMP1-mediated NF-kappa-B activation by blocking the association of TRAF2 with LMP1. TRAF2 is necessary for the cellular response to TNF-alpha by connecting upstream signalling molecules to the IKKs and p65.

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme(EC1.1.1.27) present in a wide variety of organisms, including plants and animals.
A tetrameric enzyme that catalyses the interconversion of pyruvateand lactate with concomitant interconversion of NADH and NAD+. At high concentrations of pyruvate, the enzyme exhibits feedback inhibition and the rate of conversion of pyruvate to lactate is decreased. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist.

Factor IX is a glycoprotein, which is synthesized in the liver. The domain structure of factor IX is similar to that of the other vitamin K dependent coagulation factors. The NH2-terminal region contains 12 g-carboxyglutamic acid (gla) residues, which facilitate the calcium dependent binding of factor IX to negatively charged phospholipid surfaces. Two domains which are homologous to epidermal growth factor (EGF) span the region between the NH2-terminal gla domain and the activation peptide (Ala-146 to Arg-180). Factor IX is activated by either factor XIa or the factor VIIa/tissue factor/phospholipid complex. Cleavage at site A yields the intermediate IXa, which is subsequently converted to the fully active form IXab by cleavage at site B. The NH2-terminal light chain (GLA and EGF domains) remains covalently attached to the COOH-terminal heavy chain by a disulfide bond. The serine protease catalytic triad (Ser-365, His 221, Asp-269) is located in the heavy chain. Factor IXab is the catalytic component of the “intrinsic factor Xase complex” (factor VIIIa/IXa/Ca2+/phospholipid) which proteolytically activates factor X to factor Xa.

Factor B is a protein, build from a single chain that circulates in the blood. Complement factor D cleaves and activates factor B, thus creating a catalytic subunit Bb and noncatalytic chain Ba. Subunit Bb is a serine protease that can bind to C3b and forms alternative pathway C3 convertase. Subunit Ba acts as an inhibitor for proliferation of lymphocytes, when Bb is part of the lymphocytes’ proliferation. The gene that codes for this protein is located on chromosome six.

Methionine sulfoxide reductase B3 (MSRB3) is a member of the methionine sulfoxide reductases (MSR) family proteins. MSRB3 catalyzes the reduction of methionine sulfoxide to methionine. The MSRB3 enzyme acts as a monomer and requires zinc as a cofactor. MSRs are thought to defend against reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative damage in various organs, including the most environmentally exposed organ, the human skin. MSRB3 has a vital role in cold tolerance by eliminating MetO and ROS which accumulate at the ER during cold acclimation.

Borrelia is a part of the genus of bacteria of the spirochete phylum. Borrelia causes borreliosis, which is a zoonotic, vector-borne disease transmitted mostly by ticks and some by lice, depending on the species. Of the 36 known species of Borrelia, 12 are distinguished to cause Lyme disease or borreliosis and are transmitted by ticks. The Gram-negative bacterium Borreliella spielmanii is one of the pathogens of the Borreliella burgdorferi sensu lato complex causing Lyme disease. DbpA, also known as p17 or Osp17, is a heterogeneous protein among the human pathogenic B. burgdorferi sensu lato species.