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ALDH5A1 is a mitochondrial NAD(+)-dependent succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, which is a member of the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of proteins. The ALDH5A1 protein functions as a mediator to the NADP+-dependent oxidation of aldehydes into acids and has an imperative role in the detoxification of alcohol-derived acetaldehyde, as well as in lipid peroxidation and in the metabolism of corticosteroids, biogenic amines and neurotransmitters. ALDH5A1 is expressed in various tissues, including the liver, heart, lung, brain, kidney and placenta. Deficiency in the ALDH5A1 enzyme, known as 4-hydroxybutyricaciduria, is a rare inborn error in the metabolism of the neurotransmitter 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In response to this defect, physiologic fluids from patients accumulate GHB, which is a compound with numerous neuromodulatory properties.

PFDN5 is a member of the prefoldin alpha subunit family. Prefoldin (PFDN) being a ubiquitously expressed heterohexameric co-chaperone, is required for proper folding of nascent proteins, in particular, tubulin and actin. PFDN5 is one of 6 subunits of prefoldin, which is a molecular chaperone complex that binds and stabilizes newly synthesized polypeptides, thus allowing them to fold properly. The PFDN5 protein may also limit the transcriptional activity of the proto-oncogene c-Myc.

CDC123 is a member of the CDC123 family. CDC123is required for S phase entry of the cell cycle. It is also broadly expressed in spleen,thymus, prostate, testis, ovary, small intestine, colon and leukocytes with the uppermost expression in testis.

NT5M is a member of the 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase family. NT5M localizes to the mitochondrial matrix. The NT5M enzyme dephosphorylates the 5'- and 2'(3')-phosphates of uracil and thymine deoxyribonucleotides. The NT5M gene is located on chromosome 17 p11.2 in the critical region deleted in the Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS), a genetic disease of unidentified etiology.

Proteasome subunit alpha type-5 (PSMA5) is a member of the peptidase T1A family. The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is distinguished by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. Proteasomes are spread throughout eukaryotic cells at a high concentration and cleave peptides in an ATP/ubiquitin-dependent process in a non-lysosomal pathway. PSMA5 interacts with PLK1. The PSMA5 peptidase has a very wide-ranging specificity for cleavage of peptide bonds.

CD8 is a cell surface glycoprotein found on most cytotoxic T lymphocytes that mediates efficient cell-cell interactions within the immune system. CD8 acts as a co-receptor, and the T-cell receptor on the T lymphocyte recognize antigen displayed by an antigen presenting cell (APC) in the context of class I MHC molecules. The functional CD8 is either a homodimer composed of two alpha chains, or a heterodimer composed of one alpha and one beta chain. Both alpha and beta chains share significant homology to immunoglobulin variable light chains.
CD8 identifies cytotoxic/suppressor t-cells that interact with MHC class I bearing targets. CD8 is thought to play a role in the process of t-cell mediated killing. CD8 alpha chains bind to class-I MHC molecules alpha-3 domains.

HCV is a small 50nm, enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNAvirus in the family Flaviviridae.
HCV has a high rate of replication with approximately one trillion particles produced each day in an infected individual. Due to lack of proofreading by the HCV RNA polymerase, the HCV has an exceptionally high mutation rate, a factor that may help it elude the host's immune response. Hepatitis C virus is classified into six genotypes(1-6) with several subtypes within each genotype. The preponderance and distribution of HCV genotypes varies globally. Genotype is clinically important in determining potential response to interferon-based therapy and the required duration of such therapy. Genotypes 1 and 4 are less responsive to interferon-based treatment than are the other genotypes (2, 3, 5 and 6).

Adenylate kinase isoenzyme 5 (AK5) belongs to the adenylate kinase family, which is involved in regulating the adenine nucleotide composition within a cell by catalyzing the reversible transfer of phosphate groups among adenine nucleotides. AK5 is related to the UMP/CMP kinase of several species. AK5 is located in the cytosol and expressed exclusively in the brain.

Myosin regulatory light chain 5 (MYL5) is a hexameric ATPase cellular motor protein. Myosin is comprised of 2 heavy chains, 2 nonphosphorylatable alkali light chains, and 2 phosphorylatable regulatory light chains. MYL5 is a regulatory light chain and is expressed in the fetal muscle and in the adult retina, cerebellum, and basal ganglia. The reconstitution of myosin with MYL5 or alkali light chain increases filament velocity to intermediate rates, and the re-addition of both classes of light chains fully reinstates the original sliding pace.

FK506 Binding Protein 5 (FKBP5) belongs to the immunophilin protein family, which has a role in immunoregulation and basic cellular processes involving protein folding and trafficking. FKBP5 is a cis-trans prolyl isomerase, which binds to the immunosuppressants FK506 and rapamycin. FKBP5 is an immunophilin protein with PPIase and co-chaperone activities. FKBP5 is assumed to mediate calcineurin inhibition. FKBP5 is a component of unligated steroid receptors heterocomplexes through interaction with heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90). In addition, FKBP5 interacts functionally with mature hetero-oligomeric progesterone receptor complexes along with the 90 kDa heat shock protein and P23 protein.

Lysine Methyltransferase 5A (KMT5A) is an enzyme which catalyzes both histones and non-histone proteins. KMT5A contributes to the maintenance of proper higher-order structure of DNA during mitosis. KMT5A takes part in cell-cycle-dependent transcriptional silencing and mitotic regulation in metazoans. KMT5A plays a role as a barrier to prevent cellular senescence through chromatinmediated regulation of senescence-associated metabolic remodeling. KMT5A mediates monomethylation of p53/TP53 at 'Lys-382', which leads to repress p53/TP53-target genes. The loss of KMT5A simultaneously stimulate nucleolar function and retinoblastoma protein-mediated mitochondrial metabolism.

RBP5 is a member of the Retinol-binding proteins family. Estimation of retinol-binding protein is used to determine visceral protein mass in nutritional studies related to health. RBP5 has a higher expression in the adult kidney and liver and to a lesser extent in the adult and fetal spleen, adult lymph nodes and appendix, and fetal liver and kidney. RBP5 expression is strongly decreased in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues.

Ectonucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase 6 or ENTPD6 is an enzyme, akin to E-type nucleotidases. E-type nucleotidases, for instance CD39, are responsible for extracellular nucleotides catabolism. ENTPD6 has four apyrase-conserved areas like all to E-type nucleotidases. Rather spliced transcript agents that codes various isoforms were discovered for the DNA segment.

Ephrin A5 (EFNA5) is a part of the ephrin ligand family which binds the members of ephrin receptor subfamily of tyrosine kinases and stimulates contact-dependent bidirectional signaling into neighboring cells. EFNA5 is mainly expressed in human adult brain, heart, spleen, and ovary and human fetal brain, lung, and kidney.

IGFBP5 is a member of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP) family and encodes a protein with an IGFBP domain and a thyroglobulin type-I domain. The protein forms a ternary complex with insulin-like growth factor acid-labile subunit (IGFALS) and either insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I or II. In this form, it circulates in the plasma, prolonging the half-life of IGFs and altering their interaction with cell surface receptors. Alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different isoforms, have been characterized.

TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR or C12ORF5), is a 270 amino acid protein induced by the p53 tumor suppressor pathway that functions to protect against oxidative stress. C12ORF5 specifically functions to block glycolysis, leading the pathway to the pentose phosphate shunt and decreasing the intracellular concentration of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, it is thought that C12ORF5 may act to modulate the apoptotic response to p53, thus allowing cells to survive mild or transient stresses.

CD14 (also known lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor) is expressed strongly on monocytes and macrophage and weakly on the surface of neutrophils. CD14 is anchored to cells by linkage to glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) and functions as a high affinity receptor for complexes of LPS and LPS binding protein (LBP). Soluble CD14, also binding to LPS, acts at physiological concentration as an LPS agonist and has, at higher concentrations, an LPS antagonizing effect in cell activation. CD14 has been shown to bind apoptotic cells.

PRDX5 belongs to the peroxiredoxin family of antioxidant enzymes, which reduce hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydroperoxides with reducing equivalents supplied through the thioredoxin system. PRDX5 has an antioxidant protective function in different tissues under normal conditions and during inflammatory processes. Peroxiredoxin-5 interacts with peroxisome receptor 1 and is involved in intracellular redox signaling. PRDX5 is involved in intracellular redox signaling. Peroxiredoxin-5 is a significant antioxidant protein of lung epithelial cells for its expression in the human lung increases during inflammation. PRDX5 expression is upregulated in osteoarthritis. PRDX5 may be significant in mitochondrial genome stability. Peroxiredoxin-5 has a protective role in human tendon cells against oxidative stress by reducing apoptosis and upholding collagen synthesis.

VAMP5 is part of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)/synaptobrevin family and the SNARE superfamily. VAMP5 is involved is vesicle trafficking events that are associated with myogenesis.

Basal Cell Adhesion Molecule (BCAM) which is a product of alternate splicing of the Lutheran blood group molecule is a part of the immunoglobulin superfamily. BCAM contains five extracellular immunoglobulin domains, a single transmembrane domain, and a short C-terminal cytoplasmic tail. BCAM protein is upregulated following malignant transformation of some cell types in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, BCAM interacts with integrin in sickle red cells, and participates in vasoocclusive episodes.

Membrane cofactor protein isoform 14 (CD46), is a type I membrane protein which has cofactor activity for inactivation of complement components C3b and C4b by serum factor I. This function resides in the complement control protein repeats (CCPs), with CCP1–4 vital for regulation. CD46 is also involved in the fusion of the spermatozoa with the oocyte during fertilization. CD46 is common in thymocytes, T cells, B cells, monocytes, granulocytes, NK cells, platelets, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, placenta and sperm.

Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 5 (UBA5) is a member of the ubiquitin-activating E1 family and UBA5 subfamily. Ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins are recognized as covalently conjugated to various cellular substrates by a three-step enzymatic pathway. The ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1) has a vital role in the first step of ubiquitination pathway to activate ubiquitin or ubiquitin-like proteins. UBA5 activates an ubiquitin-like protein, ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (Ufm1), by forming a high-energy thioester bond. UBA5 is located primarily in cytoplasm, while it generally localizes to the nucleus in presence of SUMO2.

UNC-5 Netrin Receptor B or UNC5B, is part of the UNC5 family that has 4 linked receptors and act as a axon guidance molecule Netrin-1 receptor. UNC5B promotes inhibitionleukocyte migration, capillary branching and osteoclast differentiation that are Netrin-1-mediated. UNC5B is responsible for the activation of DAPK1 that can cause apoptosis. The protein takes part in tumorgenesis, development of atherosclerosis and tubular epithelial cells survival when an acute injury in the kidney occurs.

MAGEA5 belongs to the MAGEA gene family which encodes proteins with 50 to 80% sequence identity to each other. The promoters and first exons of the MAGEA genes are variable, which signify that the presence of this gene family enables the same role to be expressed under diverse transcriptional controls. The MAGEA genes are clustered at chromosomal location Xq28. They are associated with several hereditary disorders, like dyskeratosis congenita. MAGEA5 gene encodes a protein which is C-terminally truncated compared to other family members, and can be alternatively interpreted to be a pseudogene.