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Threonyl-tRNA synthetase, cytoplasmic (TARS) is a member of the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family. The main role of TARS is in tRNA aminoacylation. The N-terminal domain of the TARS enzyme is responsible for the competition with the ribosome whereas the catalytic and the C-terminal domain are involved in binding the 2 anticodon arm-like structures in the operator.

HPRT1 has a main part in the generation of purine nucleotides through the purine salvage pathway. HPRT1 primarily functions to salvage purines from degraded DNA to renewed purine synthesis. Therefore, it performs as a catalyst in the reaction between guanine and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate to form GMP.

CKMT1A is in charge of the transfer of high energy phosphate from mitochondria to the cytosolic carrier, creatine. CKMT1A is a member of the creatine kinase isoenzyme family and exists as two isoenzymes, sarcomeric MtCK and ubiquitous MtCK, encoded by separate genes. Mitochondrial creatine kinase arises in two different oligomeric forms: dimers and octamers, unlike the exclusively dimeric cytosolic creatine kinase isoenzymes. Numerous malignant cancers with poor prognosis have displayed overexpression of ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase which is linked to high energy turnover and inability to remove cancer cells through apoptosis.

ME2 catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of malate to pyruvate, malat + NAD(P)+? pyruvate + CO2 + NAD(P)H+, and is found both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Three different isoforms of ME are known to be in mammalian tissues: a strictly cytosolic NADP+-dependent enzyme, an NADP+-dependent mitochondriail isoform, and a mitochondrial isoenzyme that is able to use both NAD+ and NADP+ but is more effective with NAD+. The mammalian isoforms size is about 62-64 kDa. A native size of 240,000 Da proposes a tetrameric structure for the active enzyme.
Mitochondrial NAD+-dependent ME 2 activity is seen in tissues that experience many cell divisions, like spleen, thymus, and the basal cells of the small intestinal mucosa. ME2 is also expressed all through the rapid cleavage stages of early Xenopus development. Activity for this isoform is low or nonexistent in brain, muscle, and normal and regenerating liver tissue from rat but was observed in rat adrenal cortex, pigeon and human skeletal muscle, and in heart muscle of some species. In addition, it is expressed in mitochondria of all tumor cells inspected to detain ascites tumors, hepatoma cells, and a variety of other tumors and transformed cell lines.

DNA Cytosine-5--Methyltransferase 3-Like (DNMT3L) is a nuclear protein with similarity to DNA methyltransferases, but is not believed to act as a DNA methyltransferase since it doesn’t contain the amino acid residues needed for methyltransferase activity. Nevertheless, DNMT3L stimulates de novo methylation by DNA cytosine methyltransferase 3 alpha and is assumed to be required for the formation of maternal genomic imprints. DNMT3L also mediates transcriptional repression as a result of interaction with histone deacetylase 1. DNMT3L is a catalytically inactive regulatory factor of DNA methyltransferases, which is vital for the function of DNMT3A and DNMT3B. DNMT3L activates DNMT3A and DNMT3B by binding to their catalytic domain. Furthermore, DNMT3L accelerates the binding of DNA and AdoMet to the methyltransferases and dissociates from the complex after DNA binding to the methyltransferases.

Ubiquitin D (UBD) is an ubiquitin-like modifier (UBL) of the ubiquitin protein family. UBD is an ubiquitin-like protein which can form covalent conjugates, thus targeting proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome. It is assumed that, UBD has roles in regulation of cell cycle, innate immunity, and apoptosis. UBD is a TNF-a inducible ubiquitin-like protein with a presumed role in the immune response.

RDH12 is a member of the short-chain Dehydrogenases / Reductases (SDR) family. RDH12 is found generally in brain, stomach, eye, skeletal muscle and kidney. RDH12 is a NADPH-dependent retinal reductase whose main activity is toward 9-cis and all-trans-retinol. In addition, RDH12 takes part in the metabolism of short-chain aldehydes but does not display steroid dehydrogenase activity.

DDT is an enzyme that catayzes the tautomerization of D-dopachrome to give 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI). DDT is part of the family of lyases, specifically the carboxy-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. DDT shares a homologous amino acid sequence (33% identical) with MIF and has similar tautomerase activity. DDT functions a proinflammatory cytokine.

tRNA aspartic acid methyltransferase 1 (TRDMT1) is a member of the C5-methyltransferase family. TRDMT1 specifically methylates cytosine 38 in the anticodon loop of tRNA(Asp). TRDMT1 is a protein responsible for the methylation of aspartic acid transfer RNA, particularly at the cytosine-38 residue in the anticodon loop. In addition, the TRDMT1 enzyme has residual DNA-(cytosine-C5) methyltransferase activity. TRDMT1 is expressed ubiquitously; however it has a higher expression in the testis, ovary and thymus and at much lower levels in the spleen, prostate, colon, small intestine, and peripheral blood leukocytes. Though similar in sequence and structure to DNA cytosine methyltransferases, the TRDMT1 gene is distinctive and extremely conserved in its function between taxa.

Cytosolic and membrane-bound types of GST are encoded by 2 different supergene families. There are 8 classes of the soluble cytoplasmic mammalian GST: alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. The mu class of enzymes functions in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione. The genes encoding the mu class of enzymes are arranged in a gene cluster on chromosome 1p13.3 and aare highly polymorphic. These genetic differences can change an individual's resistance to carcinogens and toxins as well as affect the toxicity and efficacy of certain drugs. Null mutations of this class mu gene have been linked with the rise in a number of cancers.

BRCC3 is a subunit of the BRCA1-BRCA2-containing complex (BRCC), which is an E3 ubiquitin ligase. BRCC3 is also thought to be involved in the cellular response to ionizing radiation and progression through the G2/M checkpoint.

Farnesyl-Diphosphate Farnesyltransferase 1, also known as FDFT1 is a membrane-associated enzyme sited at a branch point in the mevalonate pathway. FDFT1belongs to the phytoene/squalene synthase family. FDFT1 is the 1st specific enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, which catalyzes the dimerization of 2 molecules of farnesyl diphosphate in a two-step reaction to form squalene.

Glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL) converts from inactive phosphorylase B to active phosphorylase A by phosphorylation of serine residue 15. Activity of the PYGL enzyme is further regulated by numerous allosteric effectors and hormonal controls. The liver isozyme supplies the glycemic demands of the body in general whereas the brain and muscle isozymes supply just those tissues.

CBX1 is an enriched heterochromatin which belongs to the heterochromatin protein family. The centromeres related CBX1 identifies and binds histone H3 tails methylated at 'Lys-9', causing epigenetic repression. Collaboration with lamin B receptor (LBR) can impact the relations between the heterochromatin and the inner nuclear membrane. CBX1 has a vital part in the epigenetic control of chromatin structure and gene expression.

GSTP1 is a polymorphic gene encoding active, functionally different GSTP1 variant proteins that are believed to function in xenobiotic metabolism and have a part in susceptibility to cancer, and other diseases. GSTP1 is a glutathione S-transferase belonging to the pi class. GST family enzymes play a significant role in detoxification by catalyzing the conjugation of many hydrophobic and electrophilic compounds with reduced glutathione. Based upon the biochemical, immunologic and structural properties of the soluble GSTs they are grouped into 4 main classes: alpha, mu, pi, and theta. The GSTP1 enzyme acts by catalyzing the reaction of glutathione with an acceptor molecule to form a Sulfur-substituted glutathione. The reactions employing glutathione contribute the transformation of a broad range of electrophiles, including reactive products of lipid, protein, carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins, and products of oxidative stress.
The GSTP1 inactivation through CpG hypermethylation is frequent in pituitary adenomas and may be a factor in aggressive pituitary tumor behavior. GSTP1 is may be a transcriptional target of the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Single-nucleotide polymorphism in GSTP1 is linked to modified protein binding, which influence GSTP1's contribution to carcinogen and drug metabolism, and possibly disease pathogenesis and/or drug response. GST-pi might have central roles in proliferation of androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells.

GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 (POUFUT1), belongs to the glycosyltransferase O-Fuc family. POUFUT1 encodes a member of the glycosyltransferase O-Fuc family and Expressed mainly in pancreas, kidney, lung, heart, brain, liver, placenta and skeletal muscle.POUFUT1 adds O-fucose through an O-glycosidic linkage to Preserve serine or threonine residues in the epidermal growth factor-like repeats of a number of cell surface and emitted proteins. POUFUT1 is involved in ligand-induced receptor signaling. Alternative splicing of this gene results in 2 transcript variants encoding different isoforms.POFUT1 participates in Notch signaling, as Notch ligands can use as POFUT1 substrates.

Alcohol dehydrogenase 1A (ADH1A) is a member of the alcohol dehydrogenase family. ADH1A has a key role in ethanol metabolism. ADH1A along with coenzyme NAD catalyzes the reversible conversion of organic alcohols to ketones or aldehydes. The physiologic function of ADH1A in the liver is the elimination of ethanol formed by microorganisms in the intestinal tract. ADH1A is monomorphic and predominant in fetal and infant livers, growing to be less active in gestation and only weakly active during adulthood.

Cyclophilin-G is a member of the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) family. PPIases catalyze the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and speeds up the protein folding. PPIG catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and is involved in the folding, transport, and assembly of proteins. PPIG is localized to the nuclear speckles, a nuclear compartment rich in splicing factors, and cooperates with the splicing factors SC35 and pinin. Cyclophilin-G also takes part in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing.

CDO1 (Cysteine dioxygenase) is a mammalian non-heme iron enzyme that initiates a number of significant metabolic pathways associated with pyruvate and several sulfurate compounds including sulfate, hypotaurine and taurine. CDO1 catalyzes the conversion of L-cysteine to cysteine sulfinic acid (cysteine sulfinate) by incorporation of dioxygen. CDO1 is a vital regulator of cellular cysteine concentrations and has an essential role in maintaining the hepatic concentration of intracellular free cysteine within a proper narrow range. CDO1 is able to alter intracellular cysteine levels and glutathione levels. CDO1 is highly expressed in the liver and placenta. On the other hand CDO1 has a low expression in heart, brain and pancreas. CDO1 can also be detected in hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells.

ACADM enzyme is essential for the degradation a certain group of fats called medium-chain fatty acids. ACADM is essential for converting specific fatty acids to energy, mainly during fasting periods. ACADM functions in mitochondria, the energy-producing centers within cells. ACADM is localized in the mitochondria of numerous tissue types, predominantly the liver.

PRDX2 is part of the peroxiredoxin family of antioxidant enzymes, which reduce hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydroperoxides. PRDX2 takes part as an antioxidant protective role in cells, and contributes to the antiviral activity of CD8(+) T-cells. PRDX2 has proliferative effect in cancer development or progression.
If PRDX2 protection is insufficient against peroxidases, the DNA damage results in neurological disease such as Alzheimer's or DNA damage leading to cancer.

CIAO1 is a vital component of the cytosolic iron-sulfur (Fe/S) protein assembly machinery. CIAO1 protein is required for the maturation of extra mitochondrial Fe/S proteins and seems to specifically modulate the trans-activation activity of WT1. CIAO1 participates in chromosome segregation as a part of the mitotic spindle-associated MMXD complex.

PRDX2 is part of the peroxiredoxin family of antioxidant enzymes, which reduce hydrogen peroxide and alkyl hydroperoxides. PRDX2 takes part as an antioxidant protective role in cells, and contributes to the antiviral activity of CD8(+) T-cells. PRDX2 has proliferative effect in cancer development or progression.
If PRDX2 protection is insufficient against peroxidases, the DNA damage results in neurological disease such as Alzheimer's or DNA damage leading to cancer.

Ornithine decarboxylase is the preliminary and rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of polyamines and it takes part in the alteration of ornithine to putrescine. ODC1 is a key member of various biological processes, such as cell growth, transformation, differentiation and apoptosis. Overexpression of the ODC1 gene has a vital part in cell proliferation and the progress of cancer.