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HCST (Hematopoietic Cell Signal Transducer) is part of the DAP10 family. HCST is capable of being a part of an immunoreceptor complex. HCST takes a vital part in inducing cytotoxicity against MHC class I chain-associated MICA & target cells expressing cell surface ligands such as UL16-binding protein (ULBP) & MICB. HCST complex participates in proliferation as well as cell survival by activating T & NK cell responses.

Glutaminyl-Peptide Cyclotransferase, also known as QPCT is a member of the glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransferase family. QPCT is responsible for the biosynthesis of pyroglutamyl peptides. Furthermore, QPCT is partial against acidic and tryptophan residues adjacent to the N-terminal glutaminyl residue and a lack of importance of chain length following the second residue. QPCT catalyzes N-terminal pyroglutamate formation, also in vitro, it catalyzes pyroglutamate formation of N-terminally truncated form of APP amyloid-beta peptides [Glu-3]-beta-amyloid.

TARC cDNA encodes a 94 amino acid precursor protein with a 23 amino acid residue signal peptide that is cleaved off to generate the 71 amino acid residue mature secreted protein. Along with CC chemokine family members, CCL-17 has approximately 24-29% amino acid sequence identity with RANTES, MIP-1a, MIP-1b, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3 and I-309. TARC is expressed in thymus, and at a lower level in the lung, colon, and small intestine. TARC is in addition transiently expressed in stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Recombinant TARC has been shown to be chemotactic for T cell lines but not monocytes or neutrophils. CCL-17 was recently identified to be a specific functional ligand for CCR4, a receptor that is selectively expressed on T cells. CCL17 is one of quite a few Cys-Cys (CC) cytokine genes clustered on the q arm of chromosome 16. CCL17 shows chemotactic activity for T lymphocytes, but not monocytes or granulocytes. CCL17 binds to chemokine receptors CCR4 and CCR8. This chemokine plays important roles in T cell development in thymus as well as in trafficking and activation of mature T cells.

Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1 (HAVCR1) is a membrane receptor for both human hepatitis A virus (HHAV) and TIMD4. HAVCR1 is a type I trans-membrane structural glycoprotein located in the renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. HAVCR1 protein may be involved in the control of asthma and allergic diseases. The reference genome represents an allele which retains a MTTVP amino acid segment that presents defense against atopy in HHAV seropositive individuals.

ACADM enzyme is essential for the degradation a certain group of fats called medium-chain fatty acids. ACADM is essential for converting specific fatty acids to energy, mainly during fasting periods. ACADM functions in mitochondria, the energy-producing centers within cells. ACADM is localized in the mitochondria of numerous tissue types, predominantly the liver.

Thrombopoietin is a glycoprotein hormone produced mainly by the liver and the kidney that regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow. It stimulates the production and differentiation of megakaryocytes, the bone marrow cells that fragment into large numbers of platelets.

COMP is a non-collagenous glycoprotein and is belongs to the thrombospondin family of extracellular proteins. COMP is a calcium-binding protein of high molecular weight (>500kDa) found in the extracellular matrix of articular, nasal and tracheal cartilage. COMP is not only cartilage-derived but is common in other tissues, such as synovium and tendon. Intact COMP is pentameric, with five equal subunits and the carboxy-terminal globular domain of native COMP binds to collagens I, II, and IX. COMP molecules are vital for conserving the properties and integrity of collagen network. Moreover COMP has a storage and delivery function for hydrophobic cellsignaling molecules such as vitamin D. Mutations of the COMP gene cause Pseudoachondroplasia and some forms of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia which implicates that it is vital that COMP develops and functions normally. It is a well-known fact that serum levels of COMP offer essential data about metabolic changes taking place in the cartil

HAX1 associates with hematopoietic cell-specific Lyn substrate 1, which is a substrate of Src family tyrosine kinases. HAX1 also interacts with the product of the polycystic kidney disease 2 gene, mutations in which are associated with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease, and with the F-actin-binding protein, cortactin. It was earlier thought HAX1 is mainly localized to the mitochondria, however, recent studies indicate it to be localized in the cell body. Mutations in the HAX1 gene result in autosomal recessive severe congenital neutropenia, aka Kostmann disease.

Interleukin-1b is produced by activated macrophages, IL-1B stimulates thymocyte proliferation by inducing il-2 release, b-cell maturation and proliferation, and fibroblast growth factor activity. IL1B proteins are involved in the inflammatory response, being identified as endogenous pyrogens, and are reported to stimulate the release of prostaglandin and collagenase from synovial cells.

Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factors are cytokines that act in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and the monocytes-macrophages. CSF-1 induces cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. It plays a role in immunological defenses, bone metabolism, lipoproteins clearance, fertility and pregnancy.

Apolipoprotein E3 (ApoE) is a 34kDa protein component of serum chylomicrons, VLDL, and HDL particles. ApoE mediates the binding, uptake, and catabolism of these particles as a result of interactions with the ApoE receptor and LDL receptors in the liver and brain. ApoE is imperative in fatty acid homeostasis and memory formation. Polymorphisms encode 3 variants (ApoE2, 3, 4), which are differentially connected to the development of atherosclerosis and neurogenerative disorders, mainly Alzheimer's disease.

ACADS is a tetrameric mitochondrial flavoprotein, which is part of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family. ACADS catalyzes the first step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. Mutations in ACADS have been associated with Short Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency.

Acidic fibroblast growth factor is a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. This protein functions as a modifier of endothelial cell migration and proliferation, as well as an angiogenic factor. It acts as a mitogen for a variety of mesoderm- and neuroectoderm-derived cells in vitro, thus is thought to be involved in organogenesis. Three alternatively spliced variants encoding different isoforms have been described. The binding growth factors are angiogenic agents in vivo and are potent mitogens for a variety of cell types in vitro. There are differences in the tissue distribution and concentration of these 2 growth factors.

Anterior gradient protein 3 homolog precursor (AGR3) is a secreted cytoplasmic protein that is involved in metastasis induction and p53 tumor suppressor inhibition. AGR3 may function as molecular marker and potential therapeutic target for hormone-responsive breast tumors.

Porphobilinogen deaminase (HMBS) belongs to the hydroxymethylbilane synthase superfamily. HMBS is a cytoplasmic enzyme found in the heme synthesis pathway. HMBS is the 3rd enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway and catalyzes the head to tail condensation of 4 porphobilinogen molecules into the linear hydroxymethylbilane. HMBS gene mutations cause errors in pyrrole metabolism which in turn lead to the autosomal dominant disease acute intermittent porphyria.

NAGK is a member of the eukaryotic-type N-acetylglucosamine kinase family. NAGK converts endogenous N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), a key component of complex carbohydrates, from lysosomal degradation or alimentary sources into GlcNAc 6-phosphate. NAGK is a prominent salvage enzyme of amino sugar metabolism in mammals. NAGK cooperates with STK16 and LNX1 and has ManNAc kinase activity.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11 (CXCL11) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also called Interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC) and Interferon-gamma-inducible protein 9 (IP-9). It is highly expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes, pancreas and liver, with moderate levels in thymus, spleen and lung and low expression levels were in small intestine, placenta and prostate. Gene expression of CXCL11 is strongly induced by IFN-g and IFN-b, and weakly induced by IFN-a. This chemokine elicits its effects on its target cells by interacting with the cell surface chemokine receptor CXCR3, with a higher affinity than do the other ligands for this receptor, CXCL9 and CXCL10. CXCL11 is chemotactic for activated T cells. Its gene is located on human chromosome 4 along with many other members of the CXC chemokine family.

a-Synuclein (amino acids 1-140), an acidic neuronal protein of 140 amino acids, is extremely heat-resistant and is natively unfolded with an extended structure primarily composed of random coils. a-synuclein has been suggested to be implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and related neurodegenerative disorders, and more recently, to be an important regulatory component of vesicular transport in neuronal cells. Moreover, recent studies have shown that a-synuclein has chaperone activity and that this activity is lost upon removing its C-terminal acidic tail (amino acids 96-140).

Autophagy Related 3 (ATG3) is a conjugating enzyme essential for the cytoplasm to vacuole transport (Cvt), autophagy, and mitochondrial homeostasis. ATG3 is localizes to the cytoplasm and is expressed in tissues with predominant levels found in kidney, placenta, liver, heart and skeletal muscle. ATG3 catalyzes a reaction which is necessary for autophagy. That reaction is the formation of the Atg8-phosphatidylethanolamine (ATG-PE) conjugate.

BAG1 binds to BCL2 and is also called BCL2-associated athanogene. BAG1 increases the anti-apoptotic effects of BCL2 and is characterizes as a link between growth factor receptors and anti-apoptotic mechanisms. BAG1 inhibits the chaperone activity of HSP70/HSC70 by promoting substrate release. BAG1 inhibits the pro-apoptotic function of PPP1R15A, and has anti-apoptotic activity. BAG1 enhances the anti-cell death function of BCL2 induced by various stimuli.

CCL25 (Teck) is a novel CC chemokine, which is distantly related (about 20% amino acid sequence identity) to other CC chemokines. The mouse CCL25 cDNA has also been cloned and shown to encode a 144 a.a. protein, which exhibits 49% a.a. sequence identity to the human CCL25. Human and mouse CCL25 expression was shown to be greatly restricted to the thymus and small intestine. While dendritic cells are identified as the source of CCL25 production in the thymus, dendritic cells derived from bone marrow do not express CCL25. CCL25 signals through the CCR9 receptor. Teck is possibly involved in T-cell development.
Recombinant human and mouse Teck were shown to be chemotactic for activated macrophages, dendritic cells and thymocytes. The recombinant protein demonstrates chemotactic activity on thymocytes, macrophages, THP-1 cells, and dendritic cells but is inactive on peripheral blood lymphocytes and neutrophils.

Recombinant Human Lipocalin-2 also called Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) belongs to a family of lipocans which include 25 proteins (including a1-microglobulin and b-lactoglobulin), which are characterized by their ability to bind small lipophilic substances in their hydrophobic core.
They thereby serve as transporters of substances like retinal, biliverdins & prostaglandins. There are indications that NGAL is involved in modulation of the inflammatory response and is found in the plasma of patients after stroke.

Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3 beta 2 (MAP1LC3B2) is a member of the MAP1LC3 family. MAP1LC3B2 is a subunit of neuronal microtubule-associated MAP1A and MAP1B proteins, which are involved in microtubule assembly and essential for neurogenesis. The MAP1LC3B2 protein is possibly involved in formation of autophagosomal vacuoles (autophagosomes). MAP1LC3B2 is expressed primarily in the heart, testis, brain and skeletal muscle.

Short/branched chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADSB) belongs to the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family of enzymes which catalyze the dehydrogenation of acyl-CoA derivatives in the metabolism of fatty acids or branch chained amino acids. ACADSB catalyzes the degradation of L-isoleucine while having the highest affinity for (s)-2-methylbutyryl-CoA, isobutyryl-CoA and 2-methylhexanoyl-CoA as substrates. ACADSB may use valproyl-CoA as substrate. ACADSB gene defects cause the short/branched-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SBCADD), which is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by an increase of 2-methylbutyrylglycine and 2-methylbutyrylcarnitine in blood and urine.