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PRND is a membrane glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein which exists mainly in testis. PRND is expressed during embryogenesis, although in the central nervous system it is expressed minimally .Mutations in PRND may cause neurological disorders. PRND located on chromosome 20, about 20 kbp downstream of the gene encoding cellular prion protein, to which it is biochemically and structurally analogous.

GDA is a member of the ATZ/TRZ family and is in charge for the hydrolytic deamination of guanine. GDA takes part in microtubule assembly. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for GDA.

HCV is a small 50nm, enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNAvirus in the family Flaviviridae.
HCV has a high rate of replication with approximately one trillion particles produced each day in an infected individual. Due to lack of proofreading by the HCV RNA polymerase, the HCV has an exceptionally high mutation rate, a factor that may help it elude the host's immune response. Hepatitis C virus is classified into six genotypes(1-6) with several subtypes within each genotype. The preponderance and distribution of HCV genotypes varies globally. Genotype is clinically important in determining potential response to interferon-based therapy and the required duration of such therapy. Genotypes 1 and 4 are less responsive to interferon-based treatment than are the other genotypes (2, 3, 5 and 6).

PFN2 is a ubiquitous actin monomer-binding protein which is part of the profilin family. PFN2 regulates actin polymerization in response to extra cellular signals. PFN2 binds to actin and affects the structure of the cytoskeleton. At high concentrations, profilin prevents the polymerization of actin, while it increases it at low concentrations. PFN2 binds to PIP2, it inhibits the formation of IP3 and DG.

FGFR1 oncogene partner (FGFR1OP) is a member of the FGFR1OP family. The FGFR1OP protein is an essentially hydrophilic protein proposed to be a leucine-rich protein family member. A t(6;8)(q27;p11) chromosomal translocation, fusing the FGFR1OP gene and the FGFR1 gene, is seen in cases of myeloproliferative disorder. The ensuing chimeric protein contains the N-terminal leucine-rich region of the FGFR1OP protein fused to the catalytic domain of FGFR1. The FGFR1OP gene is believed to play a significant role in normal proliferation and differentiation of the erythroid lineage.

Treponema pallidum is a gram-negative spirochaete bacterium and is considered to be metabolically crippled. There are at least four known subspecies: T. pallidum pallidum, T. pallidum pertenue, T. pallidum carateum and T. pallidum endemicum. The helical structure of T. pallidum pallidum allows it to move in a corkscrew motion through viscous mediums such as mucus. Treponema pallidum sub sp. pallidum has one of the smallest bacterial genomes at 1.14 million base pairs (Mb) and has limited metabolic capabilities, reflecting its adaptation through genome reduction to the rich environment of mammalian tissue.

GCSF is a cytokine that controls the production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes. The active protein is found extracellularly. Three transcript variants encoding three different isoforms have been found for this gene. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factors are cytokines that act in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and the monocytes-macrophages. This csf induces granulocytes.

CysH (Phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate reductase) is a member of the PAPS reductase family, specifically those acting on a sulfur group of donors with a disulfide as acceptor. The 3 substrates of the CysH enzyme are adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate, sulfite, and thioredoxin disulfide, whereas its two products are 3'-phosphoadenylyl sulfate and thioredoxin.

NAA10 is a member of the acetyltransferase family. NAA10 interacts with NAA15, HIF-1 and with the ribosome. In its binding to HIF-1, NAA10 functions as a protein acetyltransferase by regulating its stability. In various cell lines, NAA10 is downregulated in response to hypoxia. NAA10 is expressed during the course of the development of the brain.

PBLD is member of the phenazine biosynthesis-like protein (PhzF) family. PBLD which is expressed in most tissues is the only representative of the PhzF family in the human genome. PBLD participates in the MAPK signaling pathway. PBLD is involved in multiple basic cellular functions, its expression is elevated in several disease processes, including folate deficiency and hypotension.

PCBP1 is a single-stranded nucleic acid binding protein that binds preferentially to oligo dC. PCBP1 plays a role in formation of a sequence-specific alpha-globin mRNP complex which is associated with alpha-globin mRNA stability. PCBP1 along with PCBP-2 and hnRNPK corresponds to the major cellular poly(rC)-binding protein. PCBP1 and PCBP-2 also functions as translational coactivators of poliovirus RNA via a sequence-specific interaction with stem-loop IV of the IRES and promotes poliovirus RNA replication by binding to its 5'-terminal cloverleaf structure.

GNPDA1, catalyzes the conversion of glucosamine-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, a reaction that under physiological conditions proceeds to the formation of fructose-6-phosphate. GNPDA1 is widely expressed with highest expression in testes, ovary and heart. GNPDA1 triggers calcium oscillations in mammalian eggs. These oscillations are as the necessary trigger for egg activation and early development of the embryo.

Lxn also known as Latexin is a member of the protease inhibitor I47 (latexin) family. Lxn's function is hardly reversible, non-competitive, as well as potent inhibitor of CPA1, CPA2 and CPA4. Furthermore, Lxn plays a role in inflammation. Among the diseases associated with LXN are endocervicitis and listeriosis.

CKS2 protein binds to the catalytic subunit of the cyclin dependent kinases and is necessary for their biological function. The CKS2 mRNA is expressed in various patterns through the cell cycle in HeLa cells, which shows spcific role for the encoded protein. CKS2 (CDC28) Protein kinase 2 binds to the catalytic subunit of cyclin-dependent kinases and has thus in involved in cell cycle regulation. CKS2 is required for the first metaphase/anaphase transition during the meiosis. An increase in expression of CKS2 protects the cells from apoptosis. CKS2 is essential during early embryogenesis and cell cycle progression in somatic cells.

RCAN2 is a member of the RCAN (Regulator of calcineurin) family that controls the activity of Calcineurin using a valine-rich region placed in their carboxyl tail. RCANs race against NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T-cells) to bind to the same docking site in calcineurin, and consequently inhibits or activates calcineurin activity. RCAN2 is a Ca(2+) dependent protein phosphatase which takes part in numerous neuornal functions.

a-Synuclein (amino acids 1-140), an acidic neuronal protein of 140 amino acids, is extremely heat-resistant and is natively unfolded with an extended structure primarily composed of random coils. a-synuclein has been suggested to be implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease and related neurodegenerative disorders, and more recently, to be an important regulatory component of vesicular transport in neuronal cells. Moreover, recent studies have shown that a-synuclein has chaperone activity and that this activity is lost upon removing its C-terminal acidic tail (amino acids 96-140).

PPA1 is a member of the PPase family. PPA1 catalyzes the conversion of one molecule of pyrophosphate to two phosphate ions. Many biochemical pathways use the hydrolysis of PPi to two phosphate ions to make the reactions permanently irreversible. A prominent illustration of this phenomenon is the inorganic pyrophosphatase catalyzation in the hydrolysis reaction at the beginning of lipid degradation. Inorganic pyrophosphatase provides the motivation for the activation of fatty acids destined for oxidation by stimulating the rapid hydrolysis of pyrophosphate.

Peroxisome proliferators are non-genotoxic carcinogens which are purported to exert their effect on cells through their interaction with members of the nuclear hormone receptor family termed peroxisome proliferators activated receptors (PPARs). Nuclear hormone receptors are ligand-dependent intracellular proteins that stimulate transcription of specific genes by binding to specific DNA sequences following activation by the appropriate ligand. Studies indicate that PPARs are activated by peroxisome proliferators such as clofibric acid, nafenopin, and WY-14,643, as well as by some fatty acids.

RNA 3'-Terminal Phosphate Cyclase (RTCA) encodes a part of the RNA 3'-phosphate cyclase family. RTCA takes part in RNA metabolism by catalyzing the ATP-dependent conversion of the 3'-phosphate of RNA substrates to a 2',3'-cyclic phosphodiester. RTCA is involved in some phases of cellular RNA processing.

OGG1 is a DNA glycosylase enzyme which takes part in base excision repair. OGG1 protein is the main enzyme accountable for the excision of 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), a mutagenic base byproduct which arises as a result of exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS). OGG1 shows beta lyase activity that nicks DNA 3 to the lesion.

PSMG3 is a chaperone protein that promotes assembly of the 20S proteasome. PSMG3 may cooperate with PSMG1-PSMG2 heterodimers to coordinate the correct assembly of proteasomes. PSMG3 interacts with PSMG4, as well as directly with alpha and beta subunits of the 20S proteasome but dissociates prior to the formation of half-proteasomes, probably upon recruitment of POMP.

Phosphopantothenate-cysteine ligase (PPCS) catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) from pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), which is a vital universal pathway in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. PPCS, being one of the last enzymes in this pathway, converts phosphopantothenate to phosphopantothenoylcysteine.

This gene is a member of the ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA) family. Using site-specific adenosine modification, proteins encoded by these genes participate in the pre-mRNA editing of nuclear transcripts. The protein encoded by this gene, tRNA-specific adenosine deaminase 1, is responsible for the deamination of adenosine 37 to inosine in eukaryotic tRNA.

SNRPA associates with stem loop II of the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein, which binds the 5' splice site of precursor mRNAs and is essential for splicing. The SNRPA protein autoregulates itself by polyadenylation inhibition of its own pre-mRNA via dimerization and is involved in the coupling of splicing and polyadenylation. SNRPA binds stem loop II of U1 snRNA. SNRPA is the first snRNP to interact with pre-mRNA. This interaction is vital for the subsequent binding of U2 snRNP and the U4/U6/U5 tri-snRNP.