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Creatine Kinase, Mitochondrial 2 (CKMT2) is a member of the ATP:guanido phosphotransferase family. CKMT2 is responsible for the transfer of high energy phosphate from mitochondria to the cytosolic carrier, creatine. CKMT2 reversibly catalyzes the transfer of phosphate between ATP and various phosphogens (e.g. creatine phosphate). Creatine kinase isoenzymes have a principal role in energy transduction in tissues with large, variable energy demands, such as skeletal muscle, heart, brain and spermatozoa. Mitochondrial creatine kinase occurs in 2 different oligomeric forms: dimers and octamers, contrary to the exclusively dimeric cytosolic creatine kinase isoenzymes. The CKMT2 gene contains sequences homologous to a number of motifs which are shared among some nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins and therefore may be crucial for the coordinated activation of these genes during mitochondrial biogenesis.

Methylosome subunit pICln (CLNS1A), is a member of the pICln (TC 1.A.47) family. CLNS1A takes part in multiple regulatory pathways. CLNS1A interaction with Sm proteins, inhibits their compilation on U RNA and interferes with snRNP biogenesis. CLNS1A inhibits the binding of survival motor neuron protein (SMN) to Sm proteins. Methylosome subunit pICln is related with the plasma membrane where it functions as a chloride present regulator.

VCPKMT is a member of the methyltransferase superfamily. VCPKMT is a protein-lysine N-methyltransferase which specifically trimethylates 'Lys-315' of VCP/p97; this alteration reduces VCP ATPase activity.

Cold shock domain-containing protein C2 (CSDC2) is RNA-binding factor that binds specifically to the very 3'-UTR ends of both histone H1 and H3. 3 mRNAs encompass the polyadenylation signal. The CSDPs (cold shock domain containing proteins) are one group of the evolutionarily conserved nucleic acid-binding proteins extensively distributed in bacteria, plants, animals, and involved in a variety of cellular processes, including adaptation to low temperature, cellular growth, nutrient stress and stationary phase. CSDC2 has a central role in the negative regulation of histone variant synthesis in the developing brain.

GCSF is a cytokine that controls the production, differentiation, and function of granulocytes. The active protein is found extracellularly. Three transcript variants encoding three different isoforms have been found for the GCSF gene. Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factors are cytokines that act in hematopoiesis by controlling the production, differentiation, and function of 2 related white cell populations of the blood, the granulocytes and the monocytes-macrophages. This csf induces granulocytes.

P450 Oxidoreductase, also known as POR is a flavoprotein which contributes electrons to all microsomal P450 enzymes. POR is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, where it is also capable of transfering electrons to heme oxygenase as well as cytochrome b5. POR is structurally related to two separate flavoprotein families; first one is ferredoxin nucleotide reductase and the second flavodoxin.

Canopy FGF Signaling Regulator 1, also known as CNPY1, is expressed in the midbrain-hindbrain (MHB) boundary in zebrafish. CNPY1, which binds FGFR1, also takes part in FGF signaling.

Complement Component C5a (C5a) is involved in the complement system and it is encoded by the C5 gene in human. Complement C5 is cleaved into C5a and C5b. C5a has an imperative role in chemotaxis and C5b forms the 1st part of the complement membrane attack complex. Complement C5 is the 5th component of complement, which plays a central role in inflammatory and cell killing processes. C5a protein is composed of alpha and beta polypeptide chains, which are linked by a disulfide bridge. An activation peptide, C5a, which is an anaphylatoxin, which has potent spasmogenic and chemotactic activity, is derivative from the alpha polypeptide via cleavage with a convertase. The C5b macromolecular cleavage product forms a complex with the C6 complement component, and this complex is the basis for creation of the membrane attack complex, which includes supplementary complement components.

Cytokeratin 17 also known as KRT17 is a type I cytokeratin. KRT17 is found in nail beds, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and other epidermal appendages. Mutations in KRT17 lead to Jackson-Lawler type pachyonychia congenita and steatocystoma multiplex. KRT17 takes part in the formation and maintenance of a variety of skin appendages, particularly in determining shape and orientation of hair. KRT17 also modulates the function of TNF-alpha in the precise context of hair cycling. Moreover, KRT17 regulates protein synthesis and epithelial cell growth all through binding to the adapter protein SFN and by stimulating Akt/mTOR pathway.

GDNF promotes the survival and differentiation of minergic neurons in culture, and is able to prevent apoptosis of motor neurons induced by axotomy. The encoded protein is processed to a mature secreted form that exists as a homodimer. The mature form of the protein is a ligand for the product of the RET (rearranged during transfection) protooncogene. In addition to the transcript encoding GDNF, two additional alternative transcripts encoding distinct proteins, referred to as astrocyte-derived trophic factors, have also been described. Mutations in this gene may be associated with Hirschsprung disease.
GDNF enhances survival and morphological differentiation of minergic neurons and increases their high-affinity uptake.

MYC Induced Nuclear Antigen, also known as MINA is an oxygenase which can function both as a histone lysine demethylase and a ribosomal histidine hydroxylase. MINA is involved in the demethylation of trimethylated Lys-9 on histone H3 (H3K9me3), leading to an increase in ribosomal RNA expression. MINA also catalyzes the hydroxylation of 60S ribosomal protein L27a on His-39. In addition, MINA plays a significant role in cell growth and survival. MINA is implicated in ribosome biogenesis, probably in the duration of the assembly process of pre-ribosomal particles.

Suppressor of IKBKE 1 also known as SIKE1 belongs to the SIKE family. SIKE interacts with IKK-epsilon and TBK1 and function as a suppressor of TLR3. In addition, SIKE1 perform by disrupting the interactions of IKBKE or TBK1 with TICAM1/TRIF, IRF3 andDDX58/RIG-I. SIKE1 does not inhibit NF-kappa-B activation pathways.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a peptide hormone produced in pregnancy, that is made by the embryosoon after conception and later by the syncytiotrophoblast(part of the placenta). Its role is to prevent the disintegration of the corpus luteumof the ovaryand thereby maintain progesterone production that is critical for a pregnancy in humans. hCG may have additional functions, for instance it is thought that it affects the immune tolerance of the pregnancy. Early pregnancy testing generally is based on the detection or measurement of hCG.

Synaptonemal complex central element protein 3 (SYCE3) is key component of the transverse central element of synaptonemal complexes (SCS). The synaptonemal complex is a protein structure which forms between homologous chromosomes (2 pairs of sister chromatids) during meiosis and is assumed to mediate chromosome pairing, synapsis, and recombination (crossing-over). The SYCE3 protein is essential for chromosome loading of the central element-specific SCS proteins, as well as for initiating synapsis between homologous chromosomes. SYCE3 is also vital for fertility.

PMSG Hormone is a well know used hormone together with progestogen to increase ovulation just before to artificial insemination. PMSG hormone is a placental glycoprotein produced from the serum of pregnant mares. PMSG comprises of an alfa subunit and a beta subunit. PMSG hormone is secreted from endometrial cups within the pregnant mare uterus aging from 40 to 130 days into their maturation, and once extracted, it can been used to promote artificially estrus in female animals. These assemblies produce PMSG hormone to induce mare's ovarian and repsouctive structures. PMSG can induce the growth of follicles by ovaries and results in ovulatation. PMSG hormone has an about a 4 day half-life of bioactivity in species other than horses. The extended biological activity can cause ovarian stimulation and ovulation. However, PMSG use alone often causes cystic ovarian disease because of the unrestrained ovarian stimulation and due to the sugar molecules which decrease clearance of the hormone. PMSG is more likely to be used than other pituitary hormones due to the extended circulatory half-life. PMSG solely exhibits luteinizing hormone like activity, however in other animal classes it has FSH & LH like activity.

Clusterin also named Apolipoprotein J (APO-J) is a 75-80 kD disulfide-linked heterodimeric protein containing about 30% of N-linked carbohydrate rich in sialic acid but truncated forms targeted to the nucleus have also been identified.
The precursor polypeptide chain is cleaved proteolytically to remove the 22-mer secretory signal peptide and subsequently between residues 227/228 to generate the a and b chains. These are assembled in anti-parallel to give a heterodimeric molecule in which the cysteine-rich centers are linked by five disulfide bridges and are flanked by two predicted coiled-coil a-helices and three predicted amphipathic a-helices.
Across a broad range of species clusterin shows a high degree of sequence homology ranging from 70% to 80%. It is nearly ubiquitously expressed in most mammalian tissues and can be found in plasma, milk, urine, cerebrospinal fluid and semen.
It is able to bind and form complexes with numerous partners such as immunoglobulins, lipids, heparin, bacteria, complement components, paraoxonase, beta amyloid, leptin and others. Clusterin has been ascribed a plethora of functions such as phagocyte recruitment, aggregation induction, complement attack prevention, apoptosis inhibition, membrane remodeling, lipid transport, hormone transport and/or scavenging, matrix metalloproteinase inhibition.
A genuine function of clusterin has not been defined. One tempting hypothesis says that clusterin is an extracellular chaperone protecting cells from stress induced insults caused by degraded and misfolded protein precipitates.
Clusterin is up- or down regulated on the mRNA or protein level in many pathological and clinically relevant situations including cancer, organ regeneration, infection, Alzheimer disease, retinitis pigmentosa, myocardial infarction, renal tubular damage, autoimmunity and others.

The three isoenzymes (MM, MB, and BB) are found in muscle, cardiac and brain tissues. These recombinant proteins are ideal for calibrating diagnostic instruments and researching neuromuscular diseases. Creatine Kinases can be used for indications in many neuromuscular applications. These disorders include cardiac disease, mitochondrial disorders, inflammatory myopathies, myasthenia, polymyositis, McArdle's disease, NMJ disorders, muscular dystrophy, ALS, hypo and hyperthyroid disorders, central core disease, acid maltase deficiency, myoglobinuria, rhabdomyolysis, motor neuron diseases, rheumatic diseases, and other that create elevated or reduced levels of Creatine Kinases.

Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) was first characterized as a growth factor that supports the in-vitro colony formation of granulocytes-macrophages progenitor cells. It is a pleiotropic cytokine and a member of a family of endogenous cytokines of the hematopoietic system. GM-CSF is produced as a response to immune or inflammatory stimuli by activated cells of the hematopoietic system such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, mast cells and also fibroblasts and alveolar epithelial cells. It plays an important role in regulating the proliferation, differentiation, survival and activation of hematopoietic cells such as granulocytes and monocytes ,neutrophiles, basophiles and eosonophoiles, erythroid cells, megakaryocytes and T cells.
Human and mouse GM-CSF have about 56% homology and are species specific. Human GM-CSF is not active on mouse cells and vice versa. It is active on canine and feline cells.
GMCSF is 144 amino acids, 22kDa glycoprotein. It is composed of four bundles alpha helices. Its receptor is heterodimers with a ligand-specific alpha subunit and a betac subunit that is shared with the interleukin IL-3 and IL-5 receptors. This unusual form of receptor assembly likely applies also to IL-3 and IL-5 receptors. Cross-linking the two receptor subunits is required for receptor activation and signaling .
GMCSF has been shown to be involved in maturation, mobilization and antigen presentation of myeloid dentritic cells (DCs) in-vivo or ex-vivo. This function promotes Th1 immune responses, cytotoxcity, anti-angiogenesis as well as allergic inflammation, and the development of autoimmunity. Therefore GMCSF can be used in immunotherapy for the treatment of immune suppressed and immune-compromised patients as well as in veterinary medicine for the same purpose. GM-CSF is also important in regulation of embryo development and pregnancy and specifically in embryo implantation and subsequent development .

CBFB beta subunit is a heterodimeric core-binding transcription factor that is part of the PEBP2/CBF transcription factor family which controls a host of genes particulary to hematopoiesis and osteogenesis. CBFB is a non-DNA binding regulatory subunit which increases DNA binding by alpha subunit.

Protein Interacting with PRKCA 1, also known as PICK1 includes a PDZ domain, through which it interacts with protein kinase C, alpha (PRKCA). PICK1 performs as an adaptor which binds to and arranges the subcellular localization of various membrane proteins. PICK1 interacts with multiple glutamate receptor subtypes, monoamine plasma membrane transporters, in addition to non-voltage gated sodium channels, and might target PRKCA to these membrane proteins and therefore regulates their distribution as well as function. PICK1 has also been found to perform as an anchoring protein which particularly targets PRKCA to mitochondria in a ligand-specific manner.

CRYGD is a member of the beta/gamma-crystallin family. Crystallins are the principal structural components of the vertebrate eye lens. The mammalian lens crystallins are divided into alpha, beta, and gamma families. Gamma-crystallins are involved in cataract formation. Defects in the CRYGD gene are responsible for cataract autosomal dominant (ADC), cataract congenital non-nuclear polymorphic autosomal dominant (CCP), cataract congenital cerulean type 3 (CCA3) and cataract crystalline aculeiform (CACA).

Nephroblastoma Overexpressed (NOV) which is encoded by the NOV gene is a part of the CCN (CTGF/CYR61/NOV) family. NOV takes part in reducing tumorgenicity and proliferation of certain cancer cell lines. NOV interacts with numerous proteins and is involved in both internal and external cell signaling. NOV is expressed in particular tumors, including Wilm’s tumor and most nephroblastomas and is also exerts proangiogenic activities.

Cytidine deaminase (CDA) is an enzyme that scavenges exogenous and endogenous cytidine and 2'-deoxycytidine for UMP synthesis. CDA is one of several deaminases responsible for maintaining the cellular pyrimidine pool. CDA also catalyzes the deamination of chemotherapeutic cytosine nucleoside analogs such as Ara-C and 5-azacytidine, which results in the loss of their cytotoxic and antitumor function. CDA can form homotetramers and is generally expressed in granulocytes. Mutations in the CDA gene are linked to decreased sensitivity to the cytosine nucleoside analogue cytosine arabinoside used in the treatment of certain childhood leukemias.

UMP-CMP kinase and deoxycytidylate kinase (CMPK1) is an enzyme which catalyzes the phosphoryl transfer from ATP to UMP, CMP and dCMP. This enzymatic reaction brings about the formation of ADP and the corresponding nucleoside diphosphate that are necessary for cellular nucleic acid synthesis. In addition, CMPK1 has a significant role in the activation of pyrimidine analogs, which are clinically useful anti-cancer and anti-viral drugs.