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Small Nuclear RNA Activating Complex, Polypeptide 1 (SNAPC1) is a part of the SNAPc complex necessary for the transcription of both RNA polymerase II and III small-nuclear RNA genes. SNAPC1 binds to the proximal sequence element (PSE), a non-TATA-box basal promoter element common to these 2 types of genes. Moreover, SNAPC1 recruits TBP and BRF2 to the U6 snRNA TATA box.

Elcatonin is a Calcitonin derivative which is transformed from eel´s calcitonin by changing the S-S bond into the stable C-N bond. It inhibits the absorption and autolysis of bones, thus leads to blood calcium descending. In addition, it inhibits the bone salts dissolving and transferring and promotes the excretion of calcium and phosphorus in urine. Meanwhile, it inhibits renal tubules reabsorbing calcium, phosphorus and sodium and keeps blood calcium at normal level. It is mainly used for remitting or eliminating the pain caused by Osteoporosis.

SUMO1 is a protein that belongs to the SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) protein family. SUMO1 functions in a manner similar to ubiquitin in that it is bound to target proteins as part of a post-translational modification system. Still, unlike ubiquitin which targets proteins for degradation, SUMO1 is involved in a variety of cellular processes, for example nuclear transport, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, and protein stability. SUMO1 is not active until the last four amino acids of the carboxy-terminus are cleaved off.

BPI fold containing family A Member 1 (BPIFA1) belongs to the short subfamily of PLUNC family proteins and have homology only to the Nterminal domains of BPI. BPIFA1 is a secreted protein which is expressed in the secretory ducts and submucosal glands of tracheobronchial tissues. BPIFA1 binds to LPS (lipopolysaccharide) in nasal lavage fluid (NLF) which alludes to its role in the inflammatory response of the upper airways after exposure to irritants. BPIFA1 may also serve as a potential molecular marker for detection of micrometastasis in non-small-cell lung cancer. Decreased levels of BPIFA1 are observed in the NLF of smokers and people who have been exposed to reactive epoxy chemicals, which indicats that long-term exposure to airway irritants damages the production of BPIFA1 in the upper respiratory tract.

Calpain, Small Subunit 1 (CAPNS1) belongs to the calpain small subunit family. Calpains are a ubiquitous, well-conserved family of calcium-dependent, cysteine proteases, widely distributed in mammalian cells. Calpain families are implicated in neurodegenerative processes, considering that their activation can be triggered by calcium influx and oxidative stress. Calpains function as heterodimers, comprising a specific large catalytic subunit (calpain 1 subunit in Calpain I, and calpain 2 subunit in Calpain II), and a common small regulatory subunit encoded by the CAPNS1 gene. The CAPNS1 protein is vital for the stability and function of both calpain heterodimers, whose proteolytic activities influence numerous cellular functions including apoptosis, proliferation, migration, adhesion, and autophagy.

Calcyphosine (CAPS) is a calcium-binding protein containing four EF-hand domains. CAPS protein was originally identified as thyroid protein p24 which is found in a number of epithelium and in some cells of the central nervous system. CAPS may have a role in the regulation of ion transport. In the thyroid follicular cells, CAPS is synthesized and phosphorylated in response to stimulation by thyrotropin and cAMP agonists.

UBE2D1 is a member of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. Ubiquitination involves at least 3 classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) and ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s). UBE2D1 is strongly related to a stimulator of iron transport (SFT), and is up-regulated in hereditary hemochromatosis. In addition, UBE2D1 functions in the ubiquitination of the tumor-suppressor protein p53 and the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF1alpha by interacting with the E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme and the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases.

UBE2D4 is a member of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2 enzymes or ubiquitin-carrier enzymes) execute the second step in the ubiquitination reaction which marks a protein for degradation using the proteasome. UBE2D4 receives ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins. In vitro UBE2D4 can promote polyubiquitination using all 7 ubiquitin Lys residues, but usually selects 'Lys-11' and 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination.

UBE2T is part of the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family that participates in the protein degradation pathway. UBE2T catalyzes the ATP-dependent attachment of ubiquitin to target proteins, thus tagging them for subsequent destruction by the proteasome. UBE2T is an important factor of the Faconi anemia pathway of DNA damage repair and, upon self-inactivation, may negatively regulate the Faconi pathway.

Methylosome subunit pICln (CLNS1A), is a member of the pICln (TC 1.A.47) family. CLNS1A takes part in multiple regulatory pathways. CLNS1A interaction with Sm proteins, inhibits their compilation on U RNA and interferes with snRNP biogenesis. CLNS1A inhibits the binding of survival motor neuron protein (SMN) to Sm proteins. Methylosome subunit pICln is related with the plasma membrane where it functions as a chloride present regulator.

RAB5C is a part of the Ras-related protein family. Members of the Rab protein family are small GTPases of the Ras superfamily guarantee reliability in the process of docking and fusion of vesicles with their right acceptor compartment.

Recombinant Human X-Ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 3, also referred to XRCC3, is a member of RecA family and RAD51 subfamily. The protein takes partin homologous recombination to maintain chromosome stability and repair DNA damage. XRCC3functionally complements Chinese hamster irs1SF, a repair-deficient mutant that shows hypersensitivity to a number of different DNA-damaging agents & chromosomally unstable.

The 14-3-3 family of proteins plays a key regulatory role in signal transduction, checkpoint control, apoptotic and nutrient-sensing pathways. 14-3-3 proteins are highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed. There are at least seven isoforms that have been identified in mammals. The 14-3-3gamma, a subtype of the 14-3-3 family of proteins, was thought to be brain and neuron-specific. It has been shown to interact with RAF1 and protein kinase C, proteins involved in various signal transduction pathways.

Cytokine-like protein 1 (CYTL1) is a secreted protein. CYTL1 is expressed in CD34+ cell populations of bone marrow and cord blood which function as hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. However, CYTL1 is not expressed in CD34- cells. Experiments with knock-out mice (Cytl1-/-) propose that CYTL1 is essential for the maintenance of cartilage homeostasis rather than cartilage and bone development, and loss of CYTL1 function is linked with experimental osteoarthritic cartilage destruction in mice.

Galectin-4 is a member of the subfamily of galectins composed of two carbohydrate recognition domains having similar peptide chains. The galectins are a family of beta-galactoside-binding proteins having a role in modulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, which inhibits chronic inflammations, GVHD, and allergic responses. LGALS4 expression is limited to small intestine, colon, and rectum, and it is underexpressed in colorectal cancer. LGALS4 binds as an endogenous ligand to glycosphingolipids having 3-O-sulfated Gal residues and bind as well to cholesterol-3-sulfate. LGALS4 takes part in cell adhesion. LGALS4 plays a role in crosslinking the lateral cell membranes of the surface-lining epithelial cells, thus supporting epithelial integrity against mechanical stress exerted by the bowel lume. LGALS4 is in charge of intestinal inflammation via selective regulation of peripheral and mucosal T-cell cell cycle, in addition to cell death by apoptosis of T-cells by a pathway independent of the activation of caspases. LGALS4 blockade decreases TNF-alpha inhibitor induced T-cell death. LGALS4 decreases pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion including IL-6 & IL-17.

BCL2 gene encodes an integral outer mitochondrial membrane protein that blocks the apoptotic death of some cells such as lymphocytes. Constitutive expression of BCL2, such as in the case of translocation of BCL2 to Ig heavy chain locus, is thought to be the cause of follicular lymphoma. Two transcript variants, produced by alternate splicing, differ in their C-terminal ends.

BCL2L2 promotes cell survival and blocks dexamethasone-induced apoptosis. BCL2L2 mediates survival of postmitotic Sertoli cells by suppressing death-promoting activity of BAX. BCL2L2 is part of the BCL-2 protein family which form hetero- or homodimers and play an important role as anti and proapoptotic regulators. BCL2L2 causes reduced cell apoptosis under cytotoxic conditions. BCL2L2 is involved in the survival of NGF- and BDNF-dependent neurons. BCL2L2 plays an important role in adult spermatogenesis.

BMP5 belongs to the bone morphogenetic protein family which is part of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily. This superfamily is comprised of large families of growth and differentiation factors. Bone morphogenetic proteins were initially identified by their ability of demineralizing bone extract to induce endochondral osteogenesis in vivo in an extraskeletal site.
BMP5 is an essential signaling molecule within the trabecular meshwork and optic nerve head, and may play a potential role in glaucoma pathogenesis. It was shown that BMP-5 increases the levels of osteopontin, BMP-2, alkaline phosphatase and core binding factor alpha 1 mRNAs in human periodontal (HPL) ligament cells. The BMP5 protein is expressed in normal synovial tissue and reduced in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. BMP5 may have a role in certain cancers given that it is differentially regulated during the formation of different tumors.

Human Ubc9 is homologous to ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s). However, instead of conjugating ubiquitin, it conjugates a ubiquitin homologue, small ubiquitin-like modifier 1(SUMO-1). And hUbc9 retains striking structural and functional conservation with yeast Ubc9. The ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation system has been recognized as a complete enzymatic pathway that is responsible for the selective degradation of abnormal and short-lived proteins. The conjugation of ubiquitin requires the activities of ubiquitin-activating (E1) and –conjugating (E2) enzymes.

S100A8 is a part of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a broad range of cells, and participate in the regulation of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100A8 plays a role in the inhibition of casein kinase and as a cytokine. S100A8 altered expression is related with cystic fibrosis disease. S100A8 is a calcium-binding protein that has antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi.S100A8 is crucial for resistance towards invasion by pathogenic bacteria. S100A8 up-regulates transcription of genes that are under the control of NF-kappa-B. S100A8 plays a role in the development of endotoxic shock in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. S100A8 endorses tubulin polymerization and promotes phagocyte migration and infiltration of granulocytes at sites of wounding. S100A8 takes part as a pro-inflammatory mediator in acute and chronic inflammation and up-regulates the release of IL8 and cell-surface expression of ICAM1.

Myosin regulatory light chains, including MRCL3, MYLPF and MYL9, regulate contraction in smooth muscle and non-muscle cells via phosphorylation by MLCK (myosin light chain kinase). Phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chains, catalyzed by MLCK in the presence of calcium and calmodulin, increases the actin-activated myosin ATPase activity, thus regulating the contractile activity. MYLPF is vital for fast and slow skeletal muscle development.

Nectin-1, also referred to as ED4, is a poliovirus receptor- related 1 protein is a part of the Nectin family. Nectin-1 endorses cell-cell contacts by forming homophilic or heterophilic trans-dimers. Heterophilic interactions among PVRL1/nectin-1 & PVRL4/nectin-4 and among PVRL1/nectin-1 & PVRL3/nectin-3 have been found. Nectin-1 acts as an entry receptor for herpes simplex virus & pseudorabies virus as well. Likewise, Neurite outgrowth-promoting activity has been shown by Nectin-1.

AMRC10 is a protein which contains an armadillo repeat and transmembrane domain. Upregulation of the AMRC10 gene has a role in hepatocellular carcinoma. AMRC10 decreases the transcriptional activity of the tumor suppressor protein p53 through direct interaction with the DNA-binding domain of p53, moreover it might play a role in cell growth and survival.