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Follistatin is a single-chain gonadal protein that specifically inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone release. The single FST gene encodes two isoforms, FST317 and FST344 containing 317 and 344 amino acids respectively, resulting from alternative splicing of the precursor mRNA. In a study in which 37 candidate genes were tested for linkage and association with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hyperandrogenemia in 150 families, evidence was found for linkage between PCOS and follistatin. Follistatin binds directly to activin and functions as an activin antagonist. specific inhibitor of the biosynthesis and secretion of pituitary follicle stimulating hormone (fsh).

Growth Hormone Binding Protein or GHR, is a protein, part of the cytokine receptor superfamily. GHR binds to 2 receptors, therefore it enhances signal transduction via dimerization of receptors. In elevated levels, growth hormone operates as an antagonist due to high variance in the binding sites affinities. The antagonist operation can be embellished even more when the binding site is reduced its affinity.

PRKAG1 is a regulatory subunit of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK is a heterotrimer comprised of an alpha catalytic subunit, and non-catalytic beta and gamma subunits. AMPK is a vital energy-sensing enzyme which supervises cellular energy status. PRKAG1 is one of the gamma regulatory subunits of AMPK. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding dissimilar isoforms were found.

GOT1 is a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme which exists in cytoplasmic and mitochondrial forms, GOT1 and GOT2, which participate in amino acid metabolism and the urea and tricarboxylic acid cycles. Both enzymes are homodimeric and show close homology.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 3 (CXCL3) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as GRO3 oncogene (GRO3), GRO protein gamma (GROg) and macrophage inflammatory protein-2-beta (MIP2b). CXCL3 controls migration and adhesion of monocytes and mediates it effects on its target cell by interacting with a cell surface chemokine receptor called CXCR2. The gene for CXCL3 is located on chromosome 4 in a cluster of other CXC chemokines.

GLRX1 has a glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase activity in the presence of nadph and glutathione reductase. reduces low molecular weight disulfides and proteins. Glutaredoxin is a glutathione (GSH)-dependent hydrogen donor for ribonucleotide reductase and also catalyzes glutathione-disulfide oxidoreduction reactions in the presence of NADPH and glutathione reductase. GLRX1 is multifunctional enzyme with glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. The disulfide bond functions as an electron carrier in the glutathione-dependent synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides by the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. In addition, it is also involved in reducing cytosolic protein- and non-protein-disulfides in a coupled system with glutathione reductase. Required for resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) by directly reducing hydroperoxides and for the detoxification of ROS-mediated damage.

GTP Cyclohydrolase I Feedback Regulator, also known as GCHFR, is a Protein coding gene which includes a homodimer. GCHFR binds and mediates tetrahydrobiopterin inhibition of GTP cyclohydrolase I. GCHFR also regulates phenylalanine metabolism in the liver and in the production of biogenic amine neurotransmitters and nitric oxide.

GLRX2 is a multifunctional enzyme with glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. The disulfide bond functions as an electron carrier in the glutathione-dependent synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides by the enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. In addition, it is also involved in reducing cytosolic protein- and non-protein-disulfides in a coupled system with glutathione reductase. Required for resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) by directly reducing hydroperoxides and for the detoxification of ROS-mediated damage. Glutaredoxins are a family of glutathione-dependent hydrogen donors that participate in a variety of cellular redox reactions.

Cytosolic and membrane-bound types of GST are encoded by 2 different supergene families. There are 8 classes of the soluble cytoplasmic mammalian GST: alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. The mu class of enzymes functions in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione. The genes encoding the mu class of enzymes are arranged in a gene cluster on chromosome 1p13.3 and aare highly polymorphic. These genetic differences can change an individual's resistance to carcinogens and toxins as well as affect the toxicity and efficacy of certain drugs. Null mutations of this class mu gene have been linked with the rise in a number of cancers.

GSTZ1 is part of the glutathione S-transferase super-family which encodes multifunctional enzymes vital in the detoxification of electrophilic molecules, including carcinogens, mutagens, and several therapeutic drugs, by conjugation with glutathione. GSTZ1 participates in the catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine. Thus defects in GSTZ1 cause harsh metabolic disorders including alkaptonuria, phenylketonuria and tyrosinaemia. GSTZ1 is a bifunctional protein which has minimal glutathione-conjugating activity with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole and maleylacetoacetate isomerase activity. GSTZ1 has low glutathione peroxidase activity with T-butyl and cumene hydroperoxides. GSTZ1 catalyzes the glutathione dependent oxygenation of dichloroacetic acid to glyoxylic acid.

pykF (pyruvate kinase I) is a member of the pyruvate kinase family. pykF is an enzyme involved in glycolysis. pykF catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to ADP, yielding one molecule of pyruvate and one molecule of ATP, a process which also requires a Magnesium ion. This is the final step in the glycolytic pathway, which produces pyruvate molecules, the ultimate product of aerobic glycolysis.

Growth-Hormone is a member of the somatotropin/prolactin family of hormones which play an important role in growth control. The gene, along with four other related genes, is located at the growth hormone locus on chromosome 17 where they are interspersed in the same transcriptional orientation; an arrangement which is thought to have evolved by a series of gene duplications. The five genes share a remarkably high degree of sequence identity. Alternative splicing generates additional isoforms of each of the five growth hormones, leading to further diversity and potential for specialization. This particular family member is expressed in the pituitary but not in placental tissue as is the case for the other four genes in the growth hormone locus. Mutations in or deletions of the gene lead to growth hormone deficiency and short stature.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the glial cell line-derived neurotophic factor (GDNF) family of ligands which are a group of ligands within the TGF-beta superfamily of signaling molecules. GDNFs are unique in having neurotrophic properties and have potential use for gene therapy in neurodegenrative disease. Artemin has been shown in culture to support the survival of a number of periferal neuron populations and at least one population of dopaminergic CNS neurons. Its role in the PNS and CNS is further substantiated by its expression pattern in the proximity of these neurons. This protein is a ligand for the RET receptor and uses GFR-alpha 3 as a coreceptor. Four alternatively spliced transcripts have been described, two of which encode the same protein.

KRT18 encodes the type I intermediate filament chain keratin 18. Keratin 18, together with its filament partner keratin 8, are perhaps the most commonly found members of the intermediate filament gene family. They are expressed in single layer epithelial tissues of the body. Mutations in this gene have been linked to cryptogenic cirrhosis. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.

KRT20 is a member of the keratin family. The keratins are intermediate filament proteins responsible for the structural integrity of epithelial cells and are subdivided into cytokeratins and hair keratins. The type I cytokeratins consist of acidic proteins which are arranged in pairs of heterotypic keratin chains. This cytokeratin is a major cellular protein of mature enterocytes and goblet cells and is specifically expressed in the gastric and intestinal mucosa. The type I cytokeratin genes are clustered in a region of chromosome 17q12-q21.

GMFB is part of the GMF subfamily of the larger actin-binding protein ADF family. GMFB is phosphorylated after phorbol ester stimulation, and is crucial for the nervous system. GMFB causes brain cell differentiation, stimulates neural regeneration and inhibits tumor cell proliferation. GMFB overexpression in astrocytes results in the increase of BDNF production. GMFB expression is increased by exercise, thus BDNF is important for exercise-induction of BDNF.

Dickkopf-related protein 3 (DKK3) belongs to the DKK protein family including Dkk-1, 2, 3 and -4. DKK3 is a 350 amino acid secreted glycoprotein which is comprised of an N-terminal signal peptide and 2 conserved cysteine-rich domains that are separated by a 12 amino acid linker region. DKK3 is involved in embryonic development through its inhibition of the WNT signaling pathway. DKK3 gene expression is decreased in a variety of cancer cell lines and it may act as a tumor suppressor gene.

5'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-1 (PRKAB1) hinders protein, carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis, in addition to cell growth and proliferation. AMPK is a heterotrimer comprised of an alpha catalytic subunit, and non-catalytic beta and gamma subunits. AMPK acts via direct phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, and longer-term effects by phosphorylation of transcription regulators. PRKAB1 is a regulator of cellular polarity by remodeling the actin cytoskeleton; most likely by indirectly activating myosin. Beta non-catalytic subunit acts as a scaffold on which the AMPK complex compiles, through its C-terminus that joins alpha (PRKAA1 or PRKAA2) and gamma subunits (PRKAG1, PRKAG2 or PRKAG3).

The three isoenzymes (MM, MB, and BB) are found in muscle, cardiac and brain tissues. These recombinant proteins are ideal for calibrating diagnostic instruments and researching neuromuscular diseases. Creatine Kinases can be used for indications in many neuromuscular applications. These disorders include cardiac disease, mitochondrial disorders, inflammatory myopathies, myasthenia, polymyositis, McArdle's disease, NMJ disorders, muscular dystrophy, ALS, hypo and hyperthyroid disorders, central core disease, acid maltase deficiency, myoglobinuria, rhabdomyolysis, motor neuron diseases, rheumatic diseases, and other that create elevated or reduced levels of Creatine Kinases.

Nucleobindin-2 (also known as NUCB2 or Nesfatin) is a EF-hand calcium-binding protein. Nucleobindin-2 takes part in calcium homeostasis and is a multifunctional protein that interacts with Ca(2+) nucleic acids & various regulatory proteins in different signaling pathways. NUCB2 (Nesfatin) is localized in neuronal perikarya and dendrites of mouse brain.

Adenosine Kinase is an abundant enzyme in mammalian tissues which catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-phosphate from ATP to adenosine, thus is as a regulator of concentrations of both extracellular adenosine and intracellular adenine nucleotides. Adenosine has extensive effects on the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, and immune systems and inhibitors of the enzyme take a crucial pharmacological part in growing intravascular adenosine concentrations and acting as anti-inflammatory agents.

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B) is a member of the Cip/Kip family of cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor proteins. The CDKN1B protein binds to and prevents the activation of cyclin E-CDK2 or cyclin D-CDK4 complexes, and so controls the cell cycle progression at G1. CDKN1B is often referred to as a cell cycle inhibitor protein since its major function is to stop or slow down the cell division cycle. The degradation of the CDKN1B protein, which is triggered by its CDK dependent phosphorylation and ensuing ubiquitination by SCF complexes, is compulsory for the cellular transition from inactive to the proliferative state.

Cytokeratin 8 belongs to the type B (basic) subfamily of high molecular weight keratins and exists in combination with keratin 18. Cytokeratin 8 is primarily found in the non-squamous epithelia and is present in majority of adenocarcinomas and ductal carcinomas. It is absent in squamous cell carcinomas. Hepatocellular carcinomas are defined by the use of antibodies that recognize only cytokeratin polypeptides 8 and 18.