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GSTT1 belongs to a superfamily of proteins which catalyze the conjugation of reduced glutathione to a variety of electrophilic and hydrophobic compounds. GSTT1 is one of the GSTs’ four main classes: alpha, mu, pi and theta (which includes GSTT1 and GSTT2). GSTT1 is involved in activation and detoxification reactions and catalyzes the conjugation of industrial chemicals, such as epoxybutane, ethylene oxides, halomethane with glutathione. GSTT1 is found in erythrocytes, at low levels in the liver as well as in Clara and ciliated cells at the alveolar/bronchiolar junction in the lung.
The GSTT1 gene is deficient in 38% of the population. The GSTTI enzyme deficiency might influence the individual risk for development of acquired aplastic anemia and acute myeloid leukemia. The presence or absence of the GSTT1 gene is concurrent with GSST1+ (the conjugator) and GSTT1- (the non-conjugator) phenotypes correspondingly. The GSTT1+ phenotype is able to catalyze the glutathione conjugation of dichloromethane. GSTT1-null genotypes are seen as having a higher risk of developing leukoplakia. Germline genetic polymorphism in GSTT1 is linked to breast cancer.

Glutathione S-transferase Mu 2 (GSTM2) belongs to the glutathione s-transferase (GST) family of proteins. GSTM2 is a glutathione S-transferase that belongs to the mu class. There are 8 families of GST proteins, specifically: alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta, each of which is composed of proteins that have various functions throughout the cell. The mu class of enzymes functions in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione. The genes encoding the mu class of enzymes are structured in a gene cluster on chromosome 1p13.3 and are proven to be highly polymorphic. These genetic variants can change an individual''s susceptibility to carcinogens and toxins as well as have an effect on the toxicity and efficacy of several drugs.

KRT18 encodes the type I intermediate filament chain keratin 18. Keratin 18, together with its filament partner keratin 8, are perhaps the most commonly found members of the intermediate filament gene family. They are expressed in single layer epithelial tissues of the body. Mutations in this gene have been linked to cryptogenic cirrhosis. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.

Cytokeratin 17 also known as KRT17 is a type I cytokeratin. KRT17 is found in nail beds, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and other epidermal appendages. Mutations in KRT17 lead to Jackson-Lawler type pachyonychia congenita and steatocystoma multiplex. KRT17 takes part in the formation and maintenance of a variety of skin appendages, particularly in determining shape and orientation of hair. KRT17 also modulates the function of TNF-alpha in the precise context of hair cycling. Moreover, KRT17 regulates protein synthesis and epithelial cell growth all through binding to the adapter protein SFN and by stimulating Akt/mTOR pathway.

FIS1 is part of the mitochondrial complex that promotes mitochondrial fission. FIS1 induces cytochrome C discharge from the mitochondrion to the cytosol, eventually leading to apoptosis. FIS1 participates in peroxisomal growth and division. The C terminus is required for mitochondrial localisation, while the N teminus is necessary for mitochondrial fission.

ACY1 is a cytosolic, homodimeric, zinc-binding enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acylated L-amino acids to L-amino acids and acyl group, and has been postulated to take part in the catabolism and salvage of acylated amino acids. Defects in ACY1 are the source of aminoacylase-1 deficiency (ACY1D). ACY1D results in a metabolic disorder manifesting with encephalopathy, unspecific psychomotor delay, psychomotor delay with atrophy of the vermis and syringomyelia, marked muscular hypotonia or normal clinical features. Epileptic seizures are a frequent feature.

Ornithine aminotransferase is a key enzyme in the pathway that converts arginine and ornithine into the major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA. Ornithine aminotransferase (OAT) is a 49kDa nucleus-encoded protein imported into mitochondria to give the mature 48kDa OAT polypeptide. It is found in humans, animals, insects, plants and microorganisms. The OAT has a sex-differential expression in the mouse kidney. OAT plays central physiological roles in amino acid metabolism. OAT shows a large structural and mechanistic similarity to other enzymes from the subgroup III of aminotransferases that transfer an amino group from a carbon atom which doesn’t carry a carboxyl function. OAT is vital for nitrogen recycling from arginine but not for the stress-induced proline accumulation. OAT enzyme deficiency causes the autosomal recessive eye disease Gyrate Atrophy.

Phosphoglucomutase-1 also known as PGM1 is a member of the phosphohexose mutase family. There are more than a few PGM isozymes, which catalyze the transfer of phosphate between the 1&6positions of glucose. In nearly all cell types, PGM1 isozymes predominate, representing around 90% of total PGM activity.It has been found that defects in PGM1 are the cause of glycogen storage disease type 14.

GSTM3 belongs to the glutathione s-transferase (GST) family of proteins. There are eight GST proteins families, named alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. Each one of the GST families has several proteins with different functions throughout the cell. The mu type of enzymes takes part in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including therapeutic drugs, carcinogens, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione.

Cofilin is a family of actin-binding proteins which disassembles actin filaments. It is a widely distributed intracellular actin-modulating protein that binds and depolymerizes filamentous F-actin and inhibits the polymerization of monomeric G-actin in a pH-dependent manner. It is involved in the translocation of actin-cofilin complex from cytoplasm to nucleus.

Noroviruses are categorized into two groups - group 1 and group 2. Norovirus is a widespread virus which can cause human gastroenteritis, an illness characterized with symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting and sickness. In America there are about 20 million causes of infection by Nororvirus, 800 ending in deaths. Worldwide, this virus infects around 267 million people and causes over 200,000 deaths per year. Even though having norovirus is unpleasant, it is seldom dangerous and typically ends in full recovery after few days. The cases resulting in deaths are primarily very young, elderly and immuno-suppressed individuals and people from less developed countries. Norovirus is extremely contagious and is spread from person to person, by infected food or water or polluted surfaces. Outbreaks usually happen from November to April, peaking in January.

Cytosolic and membrane-bound types of GST are encoded by 2 different supergene families. There are 8 classes of the soluble cytoplasmic mammalian GST: alpha, kappa, mu, omega, pi, sigma, theta and zeta. The mu class of enzymes functions in the detoxification of electrophilic compounds, including carcinogens, therapeutic drugs, environmental toxins and products of oxidative stress, by conjugation with glutathione. The genes encoding the mu class of enzymes are arranged in a gene cluster on chromosome 1p13.3 and aare highly polymorphic. These genetic differences can change an individual's resistance to carcinogens and toxins as well as affect the toxicity and efficacy of certain drugs. Null mutations of this class mu gene have been linked with the rise in a number of cancers.

Hepatitis B virus is the main cause for human liver disease, chronic infection frequently causes liver cancer and cirrhosis. The e antigen is found in the circulation, it is found during the active HBV infection, positive result indicates the risk for contagiousness, and is also used as indicator for the effectiveness of HBV treatment. Positive anti-HBeAg specifies an active stage of acute HBV infection that is in its final stages, the risk for contagiousness is dramatically reduced. HBe VLP Antibody is a monoclonal antibody to the aggregated HBeparticle, used with HBe-VLP antigen to manufacture competitive HBe antibody rapid test or ELISA assay.

This gene is a member of a family of neurotrophic factors, neurotrophins that control survival and differentiation of mammalian neurons. The expression of this gene is ubiquitous and less influenced by environmental signals. While knock-outs of other neurotrophins including nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and neurotrophin 3 prove lethal during early postnatal development, NTF5-deficient mice only show minor cellular deficits and develop normally to adulthood.

Shiga-like toxin (verotoxin) is a toxin produced by some strains of Escherichia coli. Shiga-like toxin is named for its similarity to the AB5-type Shiga toxin produced by the bacteria Shigella dysenteriae. There are two known types-SLT1 and SLT2. The Shiga-like toxin is linked with hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Shiga-like toxin requires highly specific receptors on the cells'' surface in order to attach and enter the cell. Species such as cattle, swine, and deer which do not carry these receptors may harbor toxigenic bacteria without any ill effect, dropping them in their feces, from where they may be distributed to humans. Shiga Like Toxin-1 Subunit B has nontoxic action, it is the functional region which binds to the receptor. The Shiga Like Toxin-1 Subunit B can be useful in vaccine study, antibody test and other functional research.

Ras-related protein Ral-A (RALA) is a member of the small GTPase superfamily, Ras family of proteins. RALA mediates a distinct downstream signaling pathway from Ras which facilitates cellular transformation. Furthermore, RALA is thought to be involved in various signaling cascades, including regulation of the cytoskeleton, vesicle trafficking, and endocytosis.

CD1a is a transmembrane glycoproteins, which is structurally related to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins and form heterodimers with beta-2-microglobulin. CD1a mediates the presentation of primarily lipid and glycolipid antigens of self or microbial origin to T cells. The human genome contains five CD1 family genes organized in a cluster on chromosome 1. The CD1 family members are thought to differ in their cellular localization and specificity for particular lipid ligands. The protein encoded by this gene localizes to the plasma membrane and to recycling vesicles of the early endocytic system. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been observed, but their biological validity has not been determined.

SARS Coronavirus is an enveloped virus containing three outer structural proteins, namely the membrane (M), envelope (E), and spike (S) proteins. Spike (S)-glycoprotein of the virus interacts with a cellular receptor and mediates membrane fusion to allow viral entry into susceptible target cells. Accordingly, S-protein plays an important role in virus infection cycle and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies.It has recently been shown that SARS is caused by a human coronavirus. Human coronaviruses are the major cause of upper respiratory tract illness in humans, such as the common cold. Coronaviruses are positive-stranded RNA viruses, featuring the largest viral RNA genomes known to date (27-31 kb). The first step in coronavirus infection is binding of the viral spike protein, a 139-kDa protein, to certain receptors on host cells. The spike protein is the main surface antigen of the coronavirus. The most prominent protein in the culture supernatants infected with SARS virus is a 46 kDa nucleocapsid protein. This suggests that the nucleocapsid protein is a major immunogen that may be useful for early diagnostics.

ISG15 ubiquitin-like Modifier is conjugated to the intracellular target proteins after IFN-alpha or IFN-beta stimulation. ISG15 enzymatic pathway is partially distinct from that of ubiquitin, differing in substrate specificity and interaction with ligating enzymes. ISG15 conjugation pathway uses a dedicated E1 enzyme, but seems to converge with the ub conjugation pathway at the level of a specific E2 enzyme. ISG15 protein targets include STAT1, SERPINA 3G/SPI2A, JAK1, MAPK3/ERK1, PLCG1, EIF2AK2/PKR, MX1/MXA, and RIG-1. Deconjugated by USP18/UBP43 shows specific chemotactic activity towards neutrophils and activates them to induce release of eosinophil chemotactic factors. ISG15 serves as a trans-acting binding factor directing the association of ligated target proteins to intermediate filaments. ISG15 plays a role in autocrine, paracrine and endocrine mechanisms, as in cell-to-cell signaling, possibly partly by inducing ifn-gamma secretion by monocytes and macrophages. ISG15 displays a

HBsAg is the surface antigenof the Hepatitis-B-Virus (HBV). The capsidof a virus has different surface proteins from the rest of the virus. The antigen is a protein that binds specifically on one of these surface proteins. It is commonly referred to as the Australian Antigen.

Coactosin-like protein (COTL1) is one of the numerous actin-binding proteins which regulate the actin cytoskeleton. COTL1 binds F-actin, it also interacts with 5-lipoxygenase, which is the first committed enzyme in leukotriene biosynthesis. COTL1 binds to F-actin in a calcium-independent way and has no direct effect on actin depolymerization.

SNTA1 is a member of the syntrophin gene family. SNTA1 is a peripheral membrane protein found linked with dystrophin and dystrophin-related proteins. Dystrophin is a large, rod-like cytoskeletal protein located at the inner surface of muscle fibers. Dystrophin is absent in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy patients, however it is present in reduced amounts in Becker Muscular Dystrophy patients. Syntrophins are cytoplasmic peripheral membrane scaffold proteins and components of the dystrophin-associated protein complex. The N-terminal PDZ domain of SNTA1 interacts with the C-terminus of the pore-forming alpha subunit (SCN5A) of the cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5. In addition, SNTA1 associates cardiac sodium channels with the nitric oxide synthase-PMCA4b (plasma membrane Ca-ATPase subtype 4b) complex in cardiomyocytes. The SNTA1 gene is a predisposition locus for Long-QT syndrome (LQT) - an inherited disorder associated with sudden cardiac death from arrhythmia - and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). SNTA1 also associates with dystrophin and dystrophin-related proteins at the neuromuscular junction and modifies intracellular calcium ion levels in muscle tissue.

CD57 also called B3GAT1is part of the glucuronyltransferase gene family. CD57 exhibits strict acceptor specificity, recognizing nonreducing terminal sugars and their anomeric linkages. CD57 takes part in the glucuronyl transfer reaction during the biosynthesis of the carbohydrate epitope HNK-1.