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Galectin-2 or LGALS2 is a protein, part of the galectin proteins family. The galectin proteins family holds galectin proteins family lectins that mediates adhesion between cells or cells to ECM. This family also take part in pre-mRNA splicing, apoptosis & tumor progression. Galectin-2 induces apoptosis in T cells that are activated & binds to lymphotoxin-a, also can implicatate on myocardial infarction. LGALS2 from human and mouse share about 65% amino acid sequence resemblance.

Fibrinogen Beta Chain 9 (FGB) is the beta component of fibrinogen, a blood-borne glycoprotein composed of 3 pairs of nonidentical polypeptide chains. When vascular injury accrues, fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form fibrin which is found in abundance in blood clots.

GDF3 is a member of the TGF-beta superfamily though it does not show similarity pattern of conserved cysteine residues. GDF3 is linked to Vg-1 and human BMP-4. GDF3 transcripts are identified mainly in adult bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and adipose tissue. GDF3 expression is upregulated strongly in high-fat-fed C57Bl/6J FABP4/aP2 null mice, which develop obesity but not the related hyperglycemia or hyperinsulinemia characteristic of type II diabetes. GDF3 expression therefore bonds fatty acid metabolism in adipocytes and the expression of a differentiation regulator belonging to the bone morphogenetic proteins.

Signal-Regulatory Protein Gamma (SIRPG) belongs to the signal-regulatory protein (SIRP) family whose members are receptor-type transmembrane glycoproteins which negatively regulate the receptor tyrosine kinase-coupled signaling processes. SIRPG is also a part of the immunoglobulin superfamily.

S100P is a Ca2+ binding protein that is part of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are found in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a large range of cells, and participates in the regulation of a number of cellular function such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100P participates in numerous biological functions but the exact functions or mechanism of its action is still mostly unknown. Once S100P binds calcium ions it goes through a conformational change that results in an exposure of a hydrophobic surface which permits the interaction with specific target proteins.

S100A7 is a member of the S-100 family of calcium binding proteins and is produced through a non-classical secretory pathway to the cytoplasm. S100A7 takes part in the regulation of several cellular courses, such as cell cycle, cell progression and cellular differentiation. S100A7 holds two EF-hand domains and is extremely upregulated in psoriatic epidermis, in addition to bladder squamous cell carcinoma and breast cancer tissue, signifying a probable part in carcinogenesis.

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that was previously called GRO1 oncogene, Neutrophil-activating protein 3 (NAP-3) and melanoma growth stimulating activity, alpha (MSGA-a). It is secreted by human melanoma cells, has mitogenic properties and is implicated in melanoma pathogenesis. CXCL1 is expressed by macrophages, neutrophils and epithelial cells, and has neutrophil chemoattractant activity. CXCL1 plays a role in spinal cord development by inhibiting the migration of oligodendrocyte precursors and is involved in the processes of angiogenesis, inflammation, wound healing, and tumorigenesis. This chemokine elicits its effects by signaling through the chemokine receptor CXCR2. The gene for CXCL1 is located on human chromosome 4 amongst genes for other CXC chemokines.

VAMP8 also called endobrevin, is the main component of a SNARE complex involved in the docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. VAMP8 protein is involved in the regulatation of enzyme secretion in pancreatic acinar cells and plays a part in the abscission of the midbody during cell division, which leads to completely separate daughter cells. VAMP8 is essential for dense-granule secretion in platelets. VAMP8 is related with the perinuclear vesicular structures of the early endocytic compartment. VAMP8 interacts particularly with the soluble NSF-attachment protein (alpha-SNAP), through an VAMP8-containing SNARE complex.

S100B faintly binds calcium but binds zinc extremely strongly-distinct binding sites with different affinities exist for both ions on each monomer. Physiological concentrations of potassium ion antagonize the binding of both divalent cations, especially affecting high-affinity calcium-binding sites. S100B binds to and initiates the activation of STK38 by releasing autoinhibitory intramolecular interactions within the kinase. Interaction with AGER after myocardial infarction participates in myocyte apoptosis by activating ERK1/2 and p53/TP53 signaling.

XIAP Associated Factor 1 (XAF1) is a protein which binds to and counteracts the inhibitory effect of a member of the IAP (inhibitor of apoptosis) protein family. IAP proteins bind to and inhibit caspases which are activated in the course of apoptosis. The ratio of IAPs and proteins which interfere with their activity, such as the XAF1 protein, influence the progress of the apoptosis signaling pathway. Additionally, XAF1 inhibits anti-caspase activity of BIRC4. XAF1 induces cleavage and inactivation of BIRC4 independent of caspase activation. Furthermore, XAF1 mediates TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis and is involved in apoptosis in trophoblast cells.

Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein (AZGP1) protein stimulates lipid degradation in adipocytes and causes the massive fat losses linked with various advanced cancers. AZGP1 may bind polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4E-Binding Protein 3 (EIF4EBP3) belongs to the EIF4EBP family whose proteins bind to eukaryotic initiation factor 4E and regulate its assembly into EIF4F, the multi-subunit translation initiation factor that identifies the mRNA cap structure.

Geminin is a 25 kDa nuclear protein, which inhibits DNA replication and is degraded during the mitotic phase of the cell cycle. Geminin controls replication by binding to the licensing factor Cdt1, and is involved in neural differentiation. In addition, Geminin directly interacts with Six3 and Hox homeodomain proteins during embryogenesis and inhibits their functions. Geminin can also promote DNA replication. Geminin has 2 roles in 2 different stages of the cell cycle: Geminin is a negative regulator of DNA replication during the “S phase” of the cell cycle. Inhibition of Geminin during the “S phase” (by RNAi) results in an additional round of replication of portions of the genome. During the “M phase” of the cell cycle (mitosis) Geminin stabilizes the replication factor Cdt1 promoting DNA replication during the next cell cycle. Moreover, inhibition of Geminin during mitosis (by RNAi) causes destabilization of Cdt1 protein and impairment of DNA replication during the next cell cycle. G

A natural cytotoxicity receptor (NCR) NKp46 has been shown to represent a novel NK cell-specific molecule involved in human NK cell activation. The natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) are a recently characterized family of Ig-like activation receptors that appear to be major triggering receptors in tumor cell recognition. The three known NCRs include NKp46 and NKp30, which are expressed on circulating NKcells, and NKp44, which is expressed only on activating NK cells. NKp46 has been implicated in NK cell-mediated lysis of several autologous tumor cells, pathogen-infected cell lines and mononuclear phagocytes infected with an intracellular bacterium. The Lysis of tumor cells by NK-cells involves recognition by NKp46 of heparan sulfate moieties of membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Furthermore, NKp46 is a surface receptor involved in NK-cell cell death by apoptosis. NKp46 has two extracellular Ig-like domains followed by a ~40 residue stalk region, a type I transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmic tail. The extracellular Ig-like domain of NKp46 (22-255aa) is purified by FPLC gel-filtration chromatography, after refolding of the isolated inclusion bodies in a redox buffer. In addition, engagement of the antigen with the monoclonal antibody stimulates intracellular calcium levels and the synthesis of cytokines. CD59 is an NKp46 coreceptor (by physical association) together they activate cytotoxicity of human NK-cells, their engagement results in tyrosine phosphorylation of CD3-zeta chains associated with NKp46. Reduced cell surface expression of NKp46 and other NK-cell receptors is linked to the impaired NK-cell cytolytic function in viremic HIV-1 infection.

CRYGD is a member of the beta/gamma-crystallin family. Crystallins are the principal structural components of the vertebrate eye lens. The mammalian lens crystallins are divided into alpha, beta, and gamma families. Gamma-crystallins are involved in cataract formation. Defects in the CRYGD gene are responsible for cataract autosomal dominant (ADC), cataract congenital non-nuclear polymorphic autosomal dominant (CCP), cataract congenital cerulean type 3 (CCA3) and cataract crystalline aculeiform (CACA).

Maltose Binding Protein is a member of the maltose/maltodextrin system of E.Coli, which is accountable for the uptake and efficient catabolism of maltodextrins. The maltose/maltodextrin is a complex regulatory and transport system involving many proteins and protein complexes. MBP elevates the yield of its fusion partner in many cases and is often able to promote the solubility of polypeptides to which it is fused.

PQBP1 is a transcription repressor which is connected to polyglutamine tract-containing transcription regulators and connective genes for neurodegenerative disorders. PQBP1 is restricts to the nucleus and can be found in neurons all over the brain, with high levels in hippocampus, olfactory bulb and cerebellar cortex. PQBP1 holds a WWP/WW domain that binds proline-rich motifs and a C2 domain which is able to stimulate Ca2+-dependent phospholipid signaling.

GFP is an intermediate filament. GFP and vimentin are linked to the same filament network; they are localized in the same filaments.
mRNAs encoding the glial intermediate filament protein are spatially dispersed in the glial cell cytoplasm close to the location of the glial filaments.

Sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a beta-globulin which specifically binds steroid hormones; it is involved in the transport of sex steroids in plasma. The main site of SHBG synthesis is assumed to be the hepatocytes. The production of SHBG is regulated by androgen/estrogen balance, thyroid hormones, and dietary factors, among others. The concentration of SHBG is a key factor regulating their distribution between protein-bound and free states. SHBG concentration determination is primarily significant in the evaluation of mild disorders of androgen metabolism and it allows detection of women with hirsutism who are likely to react to estrogen therapy. Testosterone/SHBG-ratios correlate well with both measured and calculated values for free testosterone thus aid to distinguish between subjects with excessive androgen activity and normal individuals. SHBG gene polymorphisms are linked with polycystic ovary syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Calcium-binding protein 39-like (CAB39L), is analogous to MO25 and located in the serum of virtually half of all patients diagnosed with acute monocytic leukemia. CAB39L plays a role in carcinogenesis. Furthermore, LKB1 activity raises upon the binding of a regulatory complex consisting of the STE20-related adaptor-alpha (STRAD alpha) pseudo kinase and the CAB39L.

GDF15 is part of the TGF-Beta superfamily that is involved in regulating inflammatory and apoptotic pathways in injured tissues and throughout disease processes. GDF15 is most abundant in the liver. Its expression in liver can be considerably up-regulated in during injury of organs such as liver, kidney, heart and lung. GDF-15 promotes proliferation or growth arrest and differentiation due to differences in cellular differentiation. GDF15 prevents apoptosis in cerebellar granule neurons by activating Akt and inhibiting endogenously active ERK. GDF15 is a novel autocrine/endocrine factor that antagonizes the hypertrophic response and loss of ventricular performance.

GST family of enzymes comprises a long list of cytosolic, mitochondrial, and microsomal proteins that are 45-55 kDa (dimer form) size and are capable of multiple reactions with a multitude of substrates, both endogenous and xenobiotic. GST catalyses the conjugation of reduced glutathione meaning the sulfhydryl group, to electrophilic centers on a wide variety of substrates. This activity is useful in the detoxification of endogenous compounds such as peroxidised lipids, as well as the metabolism of xenobiotics. GST binds toxins and function as transport protein. Glutathione S-transferase is used to create the so-called ''GST gene fusion system''. The GST is used to purify and detect proteins of interest. In a GST gene fusion system, the GST sequence is incorporated into an expression vector alongside the gene sequence encoding the protein of interest. Induction of protein expression from the vector''s multiple cloning sites results in expression of a fusion protein - the protein of int

GLIPR2 is linked to plant pathogenesis-related (PR-1) proteins, which are upregulated in reaction to pathogen attack. GLIPR2 is localized within lipid-enriched microdomains on the cytosolic side of the endomembrane system. GLIPR2 is closely attached to membranes and lacks the cytosol, though it lacks a membrane-spanning domain.