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Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) is a multifunctional growth factor which regulates both cell growth and cell motility. It exerts a strong mitogenic effect on hepatocytes and primary epithelial cells. HGF synergizes with Interleukin-3 and GM-CSF to stimulate colony formation of hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro and may, therefore, also modulate hematopoiesis.

Caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur. In cell culture experiments and mice Morpholino antisense oligos have shown specific activity against Dengue virus.

HSD17B10 functions in mitochondrial tRNA maturation. HSD17B10 is part of mitochondrial ribonuclease P, an enzyme composed of MRPP1/RG9MTD1, MRPP2/HSD17B10 and MRPP3/KIAA0391, which cleaves tRNA molecules in their 5''-ends. HSD17B10 interacts with intracellular amyloid-beta, and contributes to the neuronal dysfunction associated with Alzheimer disease.

Deoxyuridine Triphosphatase (DUT) is a ubiquitous enzyme that functions in nucleotide metabolism. Deoxyuridine Triphosphatase, in the presence of magnesium ions, is responsible for hydrolyzing dUTP to dUMP and diphosphate. This reaction is imperative for keeping the intracellular dUTP concentration low so that uracil does not become incorporated into DNA. Extensive integration of uracil into DNA can eventually lead to cell death. This suggests that DUT is crucial for cell viability, further implying that it is a prospective target for anticancer therapy.

Caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur. In cell culture experiments and mice Morpholino antisense oligos have shown specific activity against Dengue virus.

BDH2 is a member of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. BDH2 protein has a significant part in the peripheral utilization of 3-hydroxybutyrate. BDH2 can convert high levels of circulating 3-hydroxybutyrate into acetoacetate due to cytoplasmic localization in high ratio of oxidized NAD+, the NAD+ dependence and the kinetic parameters.

GDA is a member of the ATZ/TRZ family and is in charge for the hydrolytic deamination of guanine. GDA takes part in microtubule assembly. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for GDA.

Major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR alpha (HLA-DRA) belongs to the MHC class II family. HLA-DRA binds peptides derived from antigens which access the endocytic route of antigen presenting cells (APC) and presents them on the cell surface for identification by the CD4 T-cells. The peptide binding cleft accommodates peptides of 10-30 residues. The peptides presented by MHC class II molecules are generated mainly by degradation of proteins which access the endocytic route, where they are processed by lysosomal proteases and other hydrolases.

Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an enzyme that reduces dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid, with NADPH as electron donor that can be converted to the kinds of tetrahydrofolate cofactors applied in 1-carbon transfer chemistry. DHFR converts dihydrofolate into tetrahydrofolate, which is a methyl group shuttle required for the de novo synthesis of purines, thymidylic acid, and specific amino acids. Even though the functional DHFR gene is mapped to chromosome 5, numerous intronless processed pseudogenes or dihydrofolate reductase-like genes are identified on separate chromosomes. DHFR deficiency is associated with megaloblastic anemia. DHFR knockdown plays a role in the anticancer activity of 2-hydroxyoleic acid. DHFR gene insertion/deletion polymorphism is linked to variation in serum and red blood cell folate concentrations in women.

NDUFV3 is one of no less than 41 subunits which form the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase complex that is involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and assists in catalyzing the rotenone-sensitive oxidation of NADH and the reduction of ubiquinone. NDUFV3 is 1 of 3 proteins found in the flavoprotein fraction of the complex but it exact function is unknown. Two transcript variants encoding altered isoforms are known for this gene.

Malate dehydrogenase (EC1.1.1.37) is an enzyme in the citric acid cycle that catalyzes the conversion of malate into oxaloacetate (using NAD+) and vice versa (this is a reversible reaction). Malate dehydrogenase is not to be confused with malic enzyme, which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate using NADPH.
Malate dehydrogenase is also involved in gluconeogenesis, the synthesis of glucose from smaller molecules. Pyruvate in the mitochondria is acted upon by pyruvate carboxylase to form oxaloacetate, a citric acid cycle intermediate. In order to get the oxaloacetate out of the mitochondria, malate dehydrogenase reduces it to malate, and it then traverses the inner mitochondrial membrane. Once in the cytosol, the malate is oxidized back to oxaloacetate by cytosolic malate dehydrogenase. Finally, phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxy kinase (PEPCK) converts oxaloacetate to phosphoenol pyruvate.

Caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur. In cell culture experiments and mice Morpholino antisense oligos have shown specific activity against Dengue virus.

Caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur. In cell culture experiments and mice Morpholino antisense oligos have shown specific activity against Dengue virus.

Vitamin D3, also known as cholecalciferol, is a fat-soluble vitamin which takes a great part in maintaining bone health, immune function, and muscle strength. It is often called the sun vitamin as our body produces it naturally when our skin is exposed to UVB rays from sunlight.

UGDH is part of the UDP-glucose/GDP-mannose dehydrogenase family and is a widely expressed enzyme localized in the liver. UGDH transfers UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronate and thus takes part in the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans such as hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate, and heparan sulfate. These glycosylated products are ordinary molecules of the extracellular matrix and participate in signal transduction, cell migration, and cancer growth and metastasis.

Caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur. In cell culture experiments and mice Morpholino antisense oligos have shown specific activity against Dengue virus.

LDHB is part of the lactate dehydrogenase family. LDHB is an oxidoreductase which catalyses the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate with concomitant interconversion of NADH and NAD+. LDHB catalyzes the oxidation of hydroxybutyrate, and frequently called Hydroxybutyrate Dehydrogenase (HBD). The LDH family consists of three members, LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C. LDHs function as powerful markers for germ cell tumors.

Defensins form a family of microbicidal and cytotoxic peptides made by neutrophils. Members of the defensin family are highly similar in protein sequence. This gene encodes defensin, beta 103A, which has broad spectrum antimicrobial activity and may play an important role in innate epithelial defense.

Caused by one of four closely related virus serotypes of the genus Flavivirus, family Flaviviridae, each serotype is sufficiently different that there is no cross-protection and epidemics caused by multiple serotypes (hyperendemicity) can occur. In cell culture experiments and mice Morpholino antisense oligos have shown specific activity against Dengue virus.

NDUFS4 is a subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), the primary multi-subunit enzyme complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Complex I is involved in cellular ATP production, the main source of energy for numerous vital processes in living cells. NDUFS4 removes electrons from NADH and passes them by a series of diverse protein-coupled redox centers to the electron acceptor ubiquinone. NDUFS4 presents a hotspot of mutations in the genetic apparatus of oxidative phosphorylation and the correct assembly of the subunit it encodes is essential for completion of the assembly of complex I.

Protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs) constitute a family of structurally related enzymes which catalyze disulfide bonds formation, reduction, or isomerization of newly synthesized proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). They act also as chaperones, and are, therefore, part of a quality-control system for the correct folding of the proteins in the same subcellular compartment. PDI has been found to have moderate effects (25-fold) on the rate of oxidative folding of proteins in vitro.
Recombinant Human Protein Disulfide Isomerase is involved in disulphide-bond formation and isomerization, as well as the reduction of disulphide bonds in proteins. Recombinant PDI has been found to have moderate effects (25-fold) on the rate of oxidative folding of proteins in vitro.

LDL is a low-density lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues. LDL (like all lipoproteins) facilitates the movement of fats and cholesterol within the water based solution of the blood stream. Each natural LDL particle contains a single Apo B-100 molecule (apolipoprotein B-100 is a protein with 4536 amino acid residues) that circulates the fatty acids and keeps them soluble in the aqueous environment. Additionally, the LDL core is highly-hydrophobic, consisting of linoleate (a polyunsaturated fatty acid) and about 1500 esterified cholesterol molecules. This core is enclosed by a shell of phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol in addition to a single copy of B-100 large protein (514 kD). Even though the LDL particles are approximately 22 nm in diameter and have a mass of about 3 million Daltons, they have a mass and size distribution since the LDL particles contain a varying number of fatty acids. LDL receptors are synthesized and placed in the plasma membrane when a cell requires cholesterol. The LDL receptors scatter freely until they link to clathrin-coated pits. LDL particles in the blood stream attach to these extracellular LDL receptors. The clathrin-coated pits at that time form vesicles that are endocytosed into the cell. Once the clathrin coat is dropped, the vesicles transport the LDL and their receptors to early endosomes, onto late endosomes to lysosomes. At this point the cholesterol esters in the LDL are hydrolysed. The LDL receptors are recovered back to the plasma membrane. Since LDLs convey cholesterol to the arteries and can be retained there by arterial proteoglycans initializing the formation of plaques, increased levels are linked to atherosclerosis, and thus heart attack, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. And so, cholesterol within LDL lipoproteins is habitually called "bad" cholesterol. This is a misconception since the cholesterol transported on LDL is the same as the one transported on other lipoprotein particles, it is in itself not "bad", rather it is how and where the cholesterol is being transported, and in what amounts ultimately, which causes adverse effects. HDL / LDL ratio can give an indication of risk for arteriosclerosis.

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme(EC1.1.1.27) present in a wide variety of organisms, including plants and animals.
A tetrameric enzyme that catalyses the interconversion of pyruvateand lactate with concomitant interconversion of NADH and NAD+. At high concentrations of pyruvate, the enzyme exhibits feedback inhibition and the rate of conversion of pyruvate to lactate is decreased. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist.

Receptors across the cell membrane interact with some viral glycoproteins therefor enabling HSV to enter the host cell. The HSV enter through pores created by the binding of particular receptors across the cell membrane with the virus's coating envelope, following by a fusion of the HSV and the host cell. HSV enters the host cell through the same mechanism and stages as other viruses do. Initially, matching receptors across the virus's envelope and host cell's membrane interacts and bring the two together. During the transitional stage, begins fusion between the host cell and virus (hemifusion state). The closing stage happens when a steady pore was made; through these pores the virus's particles enter the cell.